Keywords: Power and Eneergy Systems, Industry Applications
Abstract: O modelo matemático da IEEE Std 1584-2018, norma para cálculo de energia incidente de arco elétrico, considera que a corrente de falta franca, que é a corrente de curto-circuito simétrica eficaz, permanece constante ao longo de toda a duração de arco. Esta premissa, no entanto, não é sempre verdadeira. Alguns tipos de fontes fornecem uma corrente de curto-circuito simétrica eficaz que é máxima imediatamente após o início do evento, decaindo com o decorrer do tempo. Esta característica é conhecida como “decremento CA”, e pode ter influência no tempo de atuação da proteção e no valor da energia incidente resultante. A norma alerta que este fenômeno deve ser levado em consideração em um estudo de energia incidente, contudo, não apresenta exemplos nem diretrizes de como se realizar esta simulação dinâmica. Também são poucos os exemplos na literatura, e os softwares comerciais, via de regra, não calculam a energia incidente considerando o decremento CA. Neste contexto, este trabalho analisa as técnicas válidas para aplicar o método IEEE Std 1584-2018 a correntes variáveis, e propõe um roteiro para a realização de um estudo dinâmico de energia incidente considerando o decremento CA. Utilizando um script de cálculo, um estudo de caso é apresentado, tendo como base uma subestação industrial de uma unidade de refino de petróleo que, além da concessionária, conta com contribuições de curto-circuito de máquinas rotativas. Ao final, é discutido o balanço entre o esforço para a realização deste cálculo detalhado, e o ganho em termos de informação e otimização das medidas de proteção contra o arco elétrico.

Keywords: Power and Eneergy Systems
Abstract: The Electric Energy Social Tariff (TSEE) is a social benefit created by the Federal Government of Brazil in 2002 to benefit energy consumers from the Low-Income Residential Subclass by granting discounts on the electricity bill. In an audit carried out by the Federal Court of Auditors (TCU - Tribunal de Contas da União - in Portuguese), it was found that the criterion for including families in the subsidy - monthly electricity consumption - is ineffective, since it has a low relationship with family income. Another audit carried out by the TCU discovered the lack of strategic design and key indicators for this social subsidy. Given this, this paper characterizes the per capita income profile and discounts granted to these families, focusing on the Brazilian State of Espírito Santo. The impacts of two law projects that are being discussed in the Brazilian Senate were also analyzed. The results indicate that families with higher per capita income predominantly receive more significant discounts on their electricity bills, confirming the audits’ hypothesis. It was also found that the law projects improve the situation a little, but maintain this inconsistency and increase the financial value of the subsidy granted.

Keywords: Power and Eneergy Systems, Optimization Heuristics and Methods, Renewable Energy
Abstract: This work proposes a multi-period expansion to the second-order cone programming (SOCP) model of distribution grid optimal power flow (DOPF) with discrete control variables and computationally evaluates it under load and generation uncertainty scenarios. When considering the inter-temporal relation of the variables, the original mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) DOPF model is computationally expensive and can be prohibitive in stochastic evaluation with multiple scenarios. The development of more efficient multi-period mixed-integer models has intensified. However, expanding and testing these models for scenarios under uncertainties is still necessary, preserving their feasibility and applicability. The proposed model aims to minimize the number of discrete control actions, adding MINLP constraints to the SOCP model for the temporal count of the control variables and time-varying multipliers for demand and generation limits. The model was applied in different scenarios of the IEEE 33-bus feeder and solved using the BONMIN solver. It was found that, when minimizing the number of control actions, even adding a large set of binary variables, there was no prohibitive increase in the solution time, and a significant reduction in the total number of actions relative to the original SOCP model was obtained.

Keywords: Power and Eneergy Systems, Smart Grids
Abstract: Este trabalho apresenta uma análise de sensibilidade da diferença angular das correntes das fases sãs frente a curtos-circuitos monofásicos-terra com resistência de falta variável aplicados ao longo de um sistema teste adaptado do IEEE 34 barras utilizando componentes simétricas e a teoria de grafos. Descrevem-se as premissas simplificativas e a metodologia de modelagem e simulação de defeitos. Os resultados obtidos demonstram uma sensibilidade mais proeminente da defasagem angular para casos de faltas francas ou próximas ao sensor de corrente, de modo que à medida que se incrementa a distância ou a resistência de falta, tal defasagem se aproxima de seu valor pré-falta.

Keywords: Power and Eneergy Systems
Abstract: Lightning-induced overvoltages are one of the main causes of distribution lines shutdown. Additionally, it is known that the soil resistivity highly impacts these induced voltages. Thus, this paper considers a recursive calculation to obtain an equivalent resistivity of any multi-layer structure considering the frequency-dependent electrical parameters of the soil in an approximate formula previously developed for the peak value of lightning-induced overvoltage in overhead lines. In addition, the suggested approach is more efficient regarding computation burden than conventional techniques since it estimates the overvoltage using equations instead of computing the lightning electromagnetic fields. This makes it a useful engineering tool that can be applied in practical situations. According to the results, it is possible to note the importance of using more than one layer of soil models that take into account the variation of soil parameters with frequency since overvoltage differences of up to 10% when compared to independent soil parameters with frequency and equivalent resistivity of less than 1000 Ω.m.

Keywords: Power and Eneergy Systems, Power Electronics, Power Quality
Abstract: The characterization/reconstruction of the IV curve of the photovoltaic (PV) panel or array involves obtaining strategic sampling points, regardless of the test or measurement condition. These measured points require an adequate processing strategy to optimize and validate the results obtained (sample points). This article presents a brief review of the different methods reported in the literature based on the application and scope of each method. Implementation variations and PV panel technology are considered. Also, an approach is presented with the main considerations of a post-processing strategy, based on unprocessed data.

Keywords: Power and Eneergy Systems, Smart Grids, Self Configuration & Self Diagnosis
Abstract: Neste trabalho, propõe-se uma metodologia para a restauração em tempo real de redes de distribuição de energia elétrica desbalanceadas. A metodologia consiste em um primeiro algoritmo baseado na meta-heurística Algoritmo Genético (AG). Em seguida, um segundo algoritmo, chamado Algoritmo de Sequência de Chaveamento (ASC), utiliza os resultados do primeiro para gerar uma sequência de chaveamento adequada. A metodologia proposta leva em consideração as características de operação de diferentes tipos de chaves presentes nos sistemas de distribuição, permitindo assim a geração de Planos de Restabelecimento de Energia (PREs) adequados. Para avaliar o desempenho dos algoritmos, foi utilizado o sistema teste do IEEE de 34 barras, simulado no software Open Distribution System Simulator (OpenDSS) e controlado via Python. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que os algoritmos apresentaram um desempenho satisfatório em termos de potência restaurada e qualidade das soluções encontradas.

Keywords: Power and Eneergy Systems, Smart Grids, Optimization Heuristics and Methods
Abstract: Este artigo apresenta uma nova metodologia para correção de erros grosseiros no processo de estimação de estados usando uma meta-heurística recente (2021) denominada Algoritmo de Otimização Aritmética. Dentro desse contexto, a estimação de estados é desenvolvida por meio do método dos Mínimos Quadrados Ponderados e, após sua convergência, procedimentos de detecção e de identificação de dados espúrios são realizados usando métodos estatísticos, incluindo o teste da Chi-Quadrada e os máximos resíduos normalizados. Finalmente, com base em um conjunto de medições suspeitas, a otimização aritmética é capaz de determinar os fatores de calibração ótimos associados a cada medida corrompida, garantindo uma estimativa correta de grandezas elétricas com erros relativos menores quando comparados aos valores reais correspondentes. Simulações são realizadas usando o sistema IEEE 33 barras e os resultados mostram a aplicabilidade do Algoritmo de Otimização Aritmética para resolver o problema, destacando as principais contribuições, que incluem um baixo tempo computacional, a eficácia dos resultados da estimação de estados e a qualidade da solução após as medições corrompidas serem corrigidas.

Keywords: Power and Eneergy Systems, Machine Learning, Smart Grids
Abstract: Resumo — A previsão de curto prazo de demanda de energia elétrica é um processo complexo e de difícil solução. Entre as múltiplas metodologias aplicadas para satisfazer essa demanda, o uso de algoritmos baseados em aprendizagem de máquina vem sendo utilizado há alguns anos. Este trabalho compara um modelo de Redes Neurais Recorrentes com topologia Long Short-Term Memory (RNR-LSTM) a um modelo Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). Ambos são treinados com a mesma base de dados, de maneira a predizer a demanda média do próximo dia por 563 dias subsequentes. O modelo RNR-LSTM apresentou um RMSE (em inglês para Raiz do Erro Quadrático Médio) de 33,85, um MAE (em inglês para Erro Absoluto Médio) de 20,51 e um coeficiente de correlação de Pearson de 0,9. Já o XGBoost apresentou um resultado de 33,83, 20,39 e 0,9, respectivamente para as métricas apresentadas acima. Conclui-se que os dois modelos tiveram resultados similares de precisão, com uma pequena vantagem do XGBoost em função de sua acurácia.

Keywords: Power and Eneergy Systems
Abstract: This paper investigates the transient responses generated on a vertical rod buried in soil with electrical parameters that vary with frequency effect and on a transmission line subjected to impulsive currents. The harmonic grounding impedance (HGI) is calculated for a 5-m rod buried in frequency-dependent (FD) and frequency-constant (FC) soils using full-wave electromagnetic software Altair FEKO employing the Method of Moments (MoM) for a range of 100 Hz to 10 MHz. The time-domain responses are calculated for the rod subjected to lightning current of first and subsequent return strokes and Gaussian pulse. Simulation results show that a significant HGI modification beyond a particular frequency is noted when FD soils are assumed. The induced transient GPR waveforms show a notable reduction in their voltage peaks when the FD soil model is compared with those computed using the frequency-constant (FC) soil model. Finally, a backflashover analysis demonstrates that as the soil resistivity increases, the voltage peaks remarkably decrease. This reduction is more pronounced for shorter front-time subsequent stroke and Gaussian pulse.

Keywords: Power and Eneergy Systems, Power Quality, Renewable Energy
Abstract: The propagation of converter-interfaced generation (CIG) is drawing attention, due to the issues elicited by their large-scale application, and also their potential to advance more complex operational modes. In such context, a multitude of strategies for alternative sources hybridization have been explored, concerned with, for example, overall intermittency attenuation or frequency and voltage support. This work evaluates the potential of support control modes for one wind, solar, and BESS hybrid plant, through the combined application of CIG devices’ dynamic modeling techniques. Regarding the modeling, DQ0-based controls are derived from the Western Electricity Coordinating Council generic framework, whereas an average (RMS) current source model with implemented phase-locked loop is used for the integration with the AC network (ABC signals being recovered directly from Park-Clarke transformations). The Casa Nova wind complex, in northeastern Brazil, is taken as a reference, with an equivalent system implemented on PSCAD. Although all CIG are treated as grid-following, results indicated that the frequency and voltage support controls enabled the hybrid plan to conveniently improve transient characteristics simply through dynamic modulation of active/reactive power outputs. However, in nominal terms, the improvements were relatively small due to the comparably smaller capacity of the plant.

Keywords: Power and Eneergy Systems, Power Quality, Renewable Energy
Abstract: The increase in the use of distributed generation systems has been causing various impacts on distribution networks around the world. More precisely, photovoltaic solar generation can cause, among other impacts, overvoltage during high generation and low demand periods. One of the techniques to address this effect is active power control for voltage regulation, also known as VoltWatt control. This paper proposes to use the voltage sensitivity matrix to identify the bus where the VoltWatt control technique will be applied and then calculate how much the active power generation will be modified at that bus to reduce the overvoltage problem. To do this, OpenDSS and MATLAB software are used for power flow calculations and algorithm implementation, analyzing various types of networks and generation scenarios. The results show that it is possible to achieve acceptable voltage levels using this technique.

Keywords: Power and Eneergy Systems, Power Electronics, Automation and Process Control
Abstract: In recent years, Brazil's electric energy sector has rapidly expanded, posing challenges in voltage control and reactive power flow in transmission lines. These fluctuations can disrupt system operations, especially during high transmission loads, causing harmonic issues and energy losses. Wind farms, equipped with capacitors, can help by supplying or absorbing reactive power due to their inherent characteristics. This aids in stabilizing the system and compensating for fluctuations. Some wind farms also have capacitor and reactor banks connected to substations, further regulating reactive power supply. This study aims to analyze these phenomena, emphasizing wind farms' potential in system regulation. The goal is to enhance stability, minimize energy losses, and meet rising load demands. The outcomes could significantly improve the efficiency and stability of Brazil's evolving electrical sector.

Keywords: Power and Eneergy Systems
Abstract: Este trabalho apresenta o cálculo da temperatura dos condutores de linhas subterrâneas, considerando tanto o regime permanente quanto o transitório. Para isso, duas metodologias de cálculo foram utilizadas. A primeira delas emprega as normas IEC 60287 e IEC 60853-2, as quais são normalmente utilizadas para estimar a ampacidade da linha a partir da determinação da elevação de temperatura dos condutores. A segunda abordagem emprega modelos em 2D desenvolvidos para calcular a temperatura dos condutores por meio do software FEMMM (gratuito), que utiliza o método dos elementos finitos. Em um primeiro momento, foi realizado um estudo comparativo entre as duas metodologias de cálculo, utilizando diferentes configurações de linhas. Dessa maneira, é possível mostrar a viabilidade do uso do modelo desenvolvido para os cálculos. Em seguida, uma análise de sensibilidade foi conduzida, mostrando como o transitório térmico da linha se comporta para variações nos parâmetros do solo e nas perdas da linha. Por fim, uma análise do transitório térmico da linha é efetuada, considerando a aplicação de uma carga cíclica. Todos os resultados obtidos apontam para uma possível subutilização das linhas subterrâneas, uma vez que elas dificilmente atingem a temperatura máxima de operação, sobretudo devido à alta inércia térmica do sistema.

Keywords: Life Support Systems & Techniques
Abstract: The development of technologies applied to health, aiming to contribute to diagnoses, treatments and rehabilitation of patients increased in the last years. A procedure that benefits from the use of new technologies is Functional Electric Stimulation (FES), widely used in the treatment of paralyzed muscles. Therefore, the objective of this work is to design and apply a Generalized Predictive Control (GPC) with adaptive parameters to control the movement of a paralyzed limb, using a non-linear mathematical model that represents the dynamics of the movement of a human knee. The performance presented by the GPC was compared with a Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller and the first one had a better performance in this case.

Keywords: Automation and Process Control, Power and Eneergy Systems, Optimization Heuristics and Methods
Abstract: Este artigo propõe a aplicação de um controlador preditivo robusto baseado em modelo comutado para amortecer oscilações eletromecânicas de baixa frequência e estabilizar sistemas elétricos de potência. O controlador proposto é modelado via desigualdades matriciais lineares a partir de multiplas desigualdades de Lyapunov objetivando minimizar o limite superior do índice de desempenho quadrático a um horizonte de predição infinito. Visando demonstrar a metodologia, foi simulado seu emprego em um sistema elétrico de potência composto por um gerador síncrono, uma eventual carga, ambos interligados ao barramento infinito, sendo o modelo de sensibilidade à corrente usado para representar a dinâmica do sistema. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam o excelente desempenho da metodologia proposta, pois foi capaz de amortecer o modo oscilante presente no sistema simulado, credenciando-a como uma poderosa ferramenta no estudo e análise da estabilidade de pequenos sinais em sistemas elétricos de potência.

Keywords: Automation and Process Control
Abstract: Este trabalho apresenta o uso do Filtro de Kalman Estendido (EKF) para compensação de atraso de transporte em processos não-lineares. O atraso é um desafio para o controle de processos, e o estudo propõe um preditor baseado na estrutura Observador-Preditor, utilizando o EKF como estimador. Esse preditor utiliza o EKF para estimar os estados do sistema e, em conjunto com o modelo do processo, realiza a predição dos estados ou saídas após o atraso. O preditor possui vantagens, como a estimação de diferentes tipos de perturbação e a aplicação em sistemas com diversas dinâmicas (estável ou não). Além disso, sua sintonia permite ajustar de forma simples as características de rejeição de perturbações e a robustez do sistema em malha fechada. O estudo de caso apresenta as vantagens da abordagem no contexto de um reator continuamente agitado.

Keywords: Automation and Process Control
Abstract: This paper presents the application of adaptively-tuned PID controllers and PSO algorithm in a speed control plant, analyzing their performance in the face of nonlinear dynamics, changes in operating ranges, and parametric variations in the transfer function. For adaptive control, the self-tuning type was used, while for PID-PSO, the particle swarm optimization metaheuristic was employed. For comparison purposes, the results obtained were compared with a conventionally-tuned PID using the Ziegler-Nichols reaction curve method in open loop. Based on the performance criterion of overshoot, response time, and performance indices, it was concluded in this case study that the adaptive PID controller presented better results, however, the PID-PSO controller required less computational cost and its results were also satisfactory.

Keywords: Automation and Process Control, Industry 4.0, Industry Applications
Abstract: The Industry 4.0 (I4.0), brought the digital com- munication to the top of software engineering design requirements, where the core idea is to keep the competitiveness and cost effectiveness. The IEC 61131 standard although is widely used on industry has some limitations in terms of control applications when connectivity is demanded. This has been sorted through solutions developed on process control applications containing new control architectures oriented to services which have became powerful tools allowing industrial systems to communicate among them, even over the plant limits. The challenge is to find open source solutions for process control. OpenPLC software fulfill this requirement providing tools for this integration. In this work, the orchestrator was connected with other non IEC languages making them compatible to process control applications and feasible inside the control systems context using microsservices. This work discusses a case study where different services from a pilot plant based on microservices run in the orchestrator considering different systems platforms.

Keywords: Automation and Process Control, Industry 4.0, Industry Applications
Abstract: The industrial organizations continually improve their processes to respond to increased competition. In this sense, the lack of an effective control of the diaper production process implies production lost, waste generation and environmental impact. Facing this challenge, this paper proposes a novel approach to characterize the diaper converting machine as an intelligent resource within the context of Industry 4.0, using a new architecture based on Fuzzy Logic control and multiagent system. This characteristic allows the control system to perform different activities in a collaborative and precise way to optimize the use of raw material reels. It is used the Coloured Petri Net tools to simulate and validate the operation of the baby diaper production system. The proposed architecture improves the Overall Equipment Effectiveness and it is a way to move the baby diaper industry from classic Industry 3.0 to Industry 4.0 based on digital transformation.

Keywords: Automation and Process Control
Abstract: In recent years, control techniques are in continuous improvement, in order to fulfill the performance requirements and guarantee the robustness and stability of the systems. Among the predictive controllers, the Generalized Predictive Control (GPC) controller stands out, which uses a process model to estimate the future response, aiming to determine the control signal. In this work, the goal was to verify the performance of this type of controller when applied in a speed control system, using both the Recursive Least Squares Method (RLSM) and Non-Recursive Least Squares Method (NRLSM) estimators to compute the coefficients of Controlled Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average model (CARIMA) used in GPC. Finally, the performance of the GPC controller was analyzed and compared to the classic Proportional Integral Derivative (PID), where it was verified that all had a satisfactory performance in relation to tracking references without overshoot, with emphasis on the GPC-RLSM, which had lower rise time than others.

Keywords: Power and Eneergy Systems
Abstract: Prior knowledge of the behavior of a transformer's saturation curve is an essential information for simulating electromagnetic transient phenomena such as inrush. From that information, it’s possible to identify the current and voltage levels to which the device will be subject during its energization. Different techniques employed in the modeling of the saturation curve are used with objectives directed to the simulation of this transient. Depending on which technique is used, the solution may contain inaccuracies and the simulation may be inefficient. In this work, three different techniques are applied in order to identify which one is more reliable to simulate energization. Among the evaluated techniques, the piecewise linearization method and the method of operating points are dependent on parameters that are often subjective and that cause inaccuracies. Besides, these techniques proved to have low efficiency because they depend on many processes during the solution of the problem. On the other hand, the technique involving the description of the curve via true non-linear equations added to adjustment of the final slope proved to be the most promising one, mainly because it has a good performance in terms of precision and because it is simple and quite efficient.

Keywords: Power and Eneergy Systems, Smart Grids, Optimization Heuristics and Methods
Abstract: This study presents a methodology to optimize distribution transformers aiming at minimizing electrical losses within a university campus microgrid, intending to reduce energy losses. The methodology comprises of five stages: data preparation and processing, mathematical modeling, scenario generation, technical analysis, and economic analysis. The technical analysis stage involves evaluating the performance and efficiency of the distribution transformers using collected measurements to identify areas where losses can be reduced. In the economic analysis stage, the optimal scenario is determined by considering the configuration that results in the lowest annual cost of losses. By comparing the costs of the optimal solution with the expenses associated with the transformer's current configuration, potential savings can be achieved. The proposed methodology aims to provide valuable insights for decision-making in the operation of distribution networks and microgrids, aiming to reduce operating costs and enhance overall energy efficiency within the university grid.

Keywords: Power and Eneergy Systems
Abstract: In energy markets, self-scheduling is a central problem solved by a Generation Company (GENCO) for achieving its goal of profit maximization. This problem consists in calculating the generation dispatch of the units belonging to the company that maximizes its profit in the day-ahead pool electricity market. The self-scheduling models generally use a price-quota curve as input data. This curve estimates the market clearing price for each quota that a price-maker GENCO generates in this market. Price-quota curves are crucial for a reliable calculation of the company’s profit. Recently, some innovative methods for building this curve have been proposed, however a methodology for evaluating the ability of such curves to estimate market clearing prices and profits has been very sparsely discussed in the literature. This paper proposes a methodology for evaluating price-quota curves which is based on the simulation of the basic steps of the decision making process that the company takes for calculating its strategic offer blocks. Results show that the proposed methodology is able to identify the best price-quota curves, in what regards its ability to estimate prices and profits.

Keywords: Power Quality, Renewable Energy, Smart Grids
Abstract: A crescente participação das fontes de geração renováveis tem causado impacto significativo no sistema elétrico de potência brasileiro. A geração eólica tem se destacado entre essas fontes e, apesar dos inúmeros benefícios, é susceptível a distúrbios de qualidade de energia elétrica. Além disso, pode ser a fonte causadora de alguns destes distúrbios devido à natureza estocástica de produção de energia. Nesse sentido, este trabalho visa à detecção de afundamentos de tensão em redes com geração eólica, comparando o uso de Estimador de Mínimos Quadrados (EMQ), Filtro Notch (FN) e Transformada Wavelet (TW) na realização desta tarefa. Os dados utilizados para avaliar as técnicas foram obtidos por meio de simulação de um Sistema Elétrico de Potência com uma unidade geradora de 100MVA, operando em 120kV/60Hz, e uma fazenda Eólica com capacidade instalada de 9MW. Os resultados demonstram a efetividade dessas técnicas em cenários com variação da tensão da rede elétrica, presença de harmônicos e ruídos de medição para diferentes tipos de afundamentos de tensão. O EMQ apresentou os melhores resultados dentre as técnicas implementadas, com taxa de acerto de 99% para os cenários avaliados, mantendo este desempenho mesmo na presença de ruído.

Keywords: Power Electronics, Renewable Energy, Power Quality
Abstract: This paper aims to present the computational implementation of a photovoltaic generating unit integrated with an energy storage system using Lithium-ion batteries connected on grid. The system under analysis aims to control the power factor at the PCC (Point of Common Coupling), as well as regulate the load demand curve. For this, the control of the inverter and the dc/dc converters of the photovoltaic plant and the battery bank in a decoupled manner was implemented, thus enabling the individual performance of each device. For charging and discharging the battery bank, a hysteresis control system based on the constant current/voltage method and the constant current method, respectively, was used. The entire implementation was carried out in Matlab/Simulink software. The obtained results demonstrate the technical viability of the system in order to control the power factor in the PCC and regulate its load curve.

Keywords: Renewable Energy, Smart Grids, Artificial Intelligence
Abstract: Este artigo aborda aspectos na gestão de Microrredes (MR) visando a eficiência energética. A integração eficaz de Geração Distribuída (GD) e Sistemas de Armazenamento de Energia em Bateria (SAEB) é crucial para o avanço do sistema elétrico moderno. Utilizar algoritmos de Inteligência Artificial (IA) no Sistema de Gerenciamento de Energia (SGE) pode otimizar a operação da MR, e aumentar a eficiência. Apresentamos duas estratégias de SGE para MR, aplicadas para os momentos de carga e descarga do SAEB. A abordagem da operação proposta, baseada em Lógica Nebulosa (LN) com a Rede Neural Artificial (RNA) usando a técnica autorregressiva não linear para predizer as variáveis da MR são comparadas com a operação de um método heurístico. Avaliamos essas estratégias por meio de estudos de caso usando simulações de sistemas Fotovoltaicos (FV), demandas de carga e preços dinâmicos de eletricidade. Os resultados demonstraram consistentemente que os algoritmos de IA alcançam custos e consumo diário de eletricidade menor em comparação com o método heurístico. Isso destaca a aplicabilidade da estratégia de gerenciamento de energia proposta, para otimizar as operações de MR conectadas à rede. As simulações bem-sucedidas validam o uso dinâmico, para poder ser aplicadas em tempo real nos sistemas elétricos, e alcançar níveis mais eficientes e sustentáveis. Em resumo, este estudo ressalta a importância das estratégias de SGE com a utilização de IA para aprimorar a gestão de MR, com benefícios mensuráveis em termos de custo e eficiência energética.

Keywords: Power Quality, Power and Eneergy Systems, Renewable Energy
Abstract: This paper investigates the potential benefits provided by Volt-Var control at electric vehicles and solar inverters for steady-state voltage regulation. Simulations are conducted in a real residential system located in the south of Brazil, considering different scenarios to account the impact of inverter size on voltage regulation. Reactive power is injected/absorbed according to inverter capability limits when voltage at the connection point is below the established values. Results show solar generation and electric vehicles inverters can be used to alleviate overvoltage and undervoltage condition. Oversizing inverters by 11% causes maximum voltage variations of 3.3%, and this gain increases as inverter capacity also increases.

Keywords: Power and Eneergy Systems, Industry Applications, Optimization Heuristics and Methods
Abstract: This paper presents the features of proposed methods that allow the tracing of the power systems bifurcation diagrams. With small modifications it becomes possible to use the traditional methods such as the Newton's method, that makes use of the Jacobian matrix, which becomes singular in the maximum loading point (nose point); and of the standard fast decoupled load flow (version XB and BX), believed not to be adapted for the computation of the points below and near the point of maximum loading. These methods are compared to each other with the purpose of pointing out its features. The results obtained for the IEEE systems (14, 30, 57 and 118 buses) are also compared with the ones of a continuation power flow method and of an optimal power flow. It was observed that in all the methods tested the maximum loading points found were always the same.

Keywords: Renewable Energy, Power and Eneergy Systems, Power Quality
Abstract: Renewable energies are gaining more and more prominence on the world stage, and the sea path is one of the routes in that direction, wind energy is one of the renewable sources that has great advantages in energy generation. Brazil does not yet have an offshore wind farm in operation, but it is a matter of time, the potential of winds in the Brazilian seas for electricity generation is over 700 GW, according to Energy Research Company (ERC) and the first energy auction offshore wind is scheduled to take place in 2023, this is one of the cleanest electricity matrices in the world, but its use requires the companies involved, the government, investors and society; the understanding that there are risks and possible environmental impacts that this technology can generate. This article aims to present a case study showing the HVAC and HVDC submarine offshore transmission in a 5 MW floating offshore wind farm to be installed in the North Coast region of São Paulo, that is, in the pre-salt cradle in the Santos Basin.

Keywords: Renewable Energy, Power and Eneergy Systems, Automation and Process Control
Abstract: The insertion of renewable energy sources in the energy matrix are fundamental for the sustainable development of a country. Thus, the study of these sources is of paramount importance to make them predominant. An experimental photovoltaic plant was designed and installed to carry out tests and comparisons of different technologies that associated with photovoltaic modules provide an increase in the production of electricity. The plant consists of 48 photovoltaic modules with the possibility of operating with automatic active tracking in one or two axes or fixed in different positions. Some of these modules are cooled, which increases efficiency and lifespan. Another infrastructure present in this plant are the flat concentrators, with the objective of increasing the irradiation density in the photovoltaic modules and, thus, increasing the energy production. All of these technologies can be combined to form many possibilities of tests and comparisons to obtain quantitative subsidies of advantages and disadvantages of each one to direct resources in new photovoltaic plants. The main objective of this paper is to describe the PV plant, including the topology, mechanisms and methods of control and monitoring. This way provides bases to assist new projects and construction of plants that choose to use these technologies, or adapt existing plants with the objective of increasing energy production.

Keywords: Renewable Energy, Diagnosis, Prognosis and System Identification, Optimization Heuristics and Methods
Abstract: Mathematical models of photovoltaic modules are essential for an assertive description of the dynamic performance of a generating unit, in the face of local adversities and weather conditions to which the converter units may be subjected. This work develops the evolutionary process of four models for polycrystalline modules and presents a methodology for estimating their parameters, which allows expressing the time-varying nature of the modules as a function of the irradiance and temperature present in the working plane. The investigations carried out shed light on the performance of photovoltaic generators in dynamic environmental conditions. When the characteristics curves obtained from the models were compared with those provided by the manufacturers, it was observed that the models have shown a good accuracy for different levels of irradiance and temperature. Based on the experimental measurements, the four models have been validated and depending on the type of study that will be carried out with the photovoltaic generator, the more complete models do not always justify their use due to the accuracies achieved, especially since they increase the complexity of the simulations due to the time-varying nature of their parameters.

Keywords: Renewable Energy, Power and Eneergy Systems
Abstract: The use of renewable and alternative energy sources has been encouraged and has grown in recent years, with solar energy composing 2.6% of the Brazilian national energy matrix. However, to democratize and expand its use in remote non-grid-connected regions, it is necessary to search for feasible alternatives to replace diesel-based generators mainly used in isolated systems. Therefore, this paper presents a technical and economic feasibility analysis of a hybrid power generation plant composed of solar and gas sources focused on isolated applications. A case study comparing the proposed hybrid system to a conventional solar off-grid system is also presented.

Keywords: Renewable Energy, Power and Eneergy Systems
Abstract: The growing demand for replacing fossil fuels for energy generation is one of the main issues on international public policy agendas. Countless concerns with the supply of energy, environmental pollution, and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions have been raised, making it essential to invest in alternative renewable sources to diversify the energy and electricity matrix worldwide and in Brazil. At the same time, treating and properly disposing of a large amount of waste has also been a considerable challenge for public authorities and the private sector. Within this context, the main objective of this work was to estimate the energy potential of the liquid residual biomass from the sewage produced in the municipality of Lima Duarte - Minas Gerais and to propose solutions that are viable from a financial and environmental point of view in the short and long term, to the local government. From a previous consultation with the public agencies of the municipality studied, it was possible to extract information that subsidized the development of the research. Energy conversion methodologies, design of generation systems, and financial and environmental analysis were used. The results indicated that more than the enterprise's energy return is needed for the system to be financially viable. However, concerning the treatment of sewage used as raw material and the decarbonization of the electrical matrix, the proposal generated attractive financial-environmental relations.

Keywords: Renewable Energy, Power and Eneergy Systems, Smart Grids
Abstract: This study presents a comprehensive case study centered around the modeling of a load curve for a public education institution in Brazil that harnesses energy from distributed sources, specifically photovoltaic panels. Actual demand data, sourced from an energy analyzer, and weather data collected through an automated weather station, were integrated into the photovoltaic generation model. The model's efficacy was meticulously assessed, juxtaposing the actual and simulated photovoltaic generation data, which showcased a remarkable alignment with a percentage error of merely 6.88%. Furthermore, the study delved into weekly load curve simulations spanning the spring and summer seasons. These simulations yielded a compelling percentage error of 8.01%. These outcomes underscore the potential of the proposed load curve model, not only in strategic solar energy production planning but also in the strategic optimization of energy costs. This work not only underscores the feasibility of accurate load curve prediction but also illuminates the capacity to explore solar energy production potential, thereby opening avenues for future research in revenue generation and energy credit evaluation.

Keywords: Electrical Vehicle and Energy Storage, Renewable Energy
Abstract: With the growing rate of greenhouse gas emissions in the transport sector, research and development of new technologies for producing less polluting and more efficient combustion engines have been constant. However, the reductions have not been so significant, as the vast majority of these engines are still dependent on fossil fuels. Electric Vehicles are one of the main alternatives for reducing greenhouse gases. However, its high cost and charging infrastructure are still barriers in the current scenario, but, in the long term will become highly competitive and tend to dominate the market in the transport area. In this work, projections of the light vehicle fleet evolution in Brazil will be presented, until 2050, considering the penetration of the main types of electric vehicles. Based on government data from the expansion of the interconnected electrical system, estimates of indirect emissions from recharging electric vehicle batteries are presented for low and high-electric mobility scenarios. Estimates show a significant reduction in CO2 emissions, even considering the low mobility scenario, where part of the combustion fleet is still present. A particularity is observed about plug-in hybrid vehicles, as their autonomy in electric mode is sufficient for daily driving demands, and emissions may suffer more significant reductions.

Keywords: Autonomous Vehicles and Drones, Robotics and Mechatronics
Abstract: This paper provides a comparison among different SISO (Single-Input Single-Output) control laws for Drone Positioning. The three schemes considered are a classical Phase-lead Model-Based Control, a Model-Free Control and a Model-Free FIR control, being the last two based on ultra-local model and algebraic estimators. Simulations using Robotic Operating System (ROS), Python language and Gazebo simulator are presented, and the decoupling property of Model-Free and Model-Free FIR is verified in practice. Finally, the advantages of each technique are analyzed, making the process of choosing a control law for this application clear.

Keywords: Electrical Vehicle and Energy Storage, Smart Grids, Power and Eneergy Systems
Abstract: The Brazilian power grid is predominantly composed of renewable sources such as hydroelectric, wind, solar, and biomass. However, the electrification of vehicles, including electric and hybrid vehicles, is a global trend that could potentially strain the Brazilian power system if not properly planned, compromising decarbonization efforts. One solution could be the adoption of the Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) philosophy, which involves supplying electricity from the batteries of connected electric vehicles (EVs) back to the grid to meet part of the peak demand. This implementation could save costs on non-renewable fuel-powered thermoelectric plants and reduce the EV carbon footprint, contributing to a more resilient power system. The focus of this article is to analyze how the charging and discharging of vehicles in a V2G system impact the demand of the Southeast/Midwest (Sudeste/Centro-Oeste – SE/CO) subsystem, the largest among those that compose the National Integrated System (Sistema Integrado Nacional - SIN), considering various scenarios and their impact on the characteristic load curve.

Keywords: Electrical Vehicle and Energy Storage, Renewable Energy
Abstract: Climate change and the future scarcity of fossil fuels are driving the actions of the so-called energy transition. The transport sector is at the center of this problem and the introduction of electric vehicles is appearing as the main solution for this sector. However, the possibility of a mass insertion is surrounded by doubts about the impacts on energy demand. Some works analyzed the Brazilian scenario considering different EV insertion rates in a short time interval. Unlike what is found in similar works, this study tries to approach a scenario that takes into account the socioeconomic aspects of Brazil to analyze the impacts that the introduction of the electric fleet will bring to the national electric matrix. The results indicate that this insertion will be slow and gradual, with negligible impacts in the first decades.

Keywords: Electrical Vehicle and Energy Storage, Smart Grids, Power and Eneergy Systems
Abstract: The increasing concern about climate change has been leading researches in many areas to investigate solutions for this issue. An emerging subject related to it is electric vehicles (EV). Although it is an important topic, there is still a lack of review papers about EVs modeling. In this context, this paper aims to bring a review about EV modeling to fulfill this gap. A wide bibliography review is made to cover different kinds of EVs modeling, in many aspects. As a conclusion, in some areas, authors do not diverge from each other, while in others may exist a large range of different ways to model the EVs. In this case, researchers should choose the modeling that fits the best for their research, which may vary in simplicity and computational effort.

Keywords: Electrical Vehicle and Energy Storage, Power Electronics
Abstract: The resonant converters have wide applications and advantages, such as smooth switching operation, electrical isolation, low electromagnetic interference (EMI), low harmonic pollution, magnetic integration, wide output ranges, low voltage stress, and high operating frequency. In addition, these converters can handle higher power density, achieve high efficiency, and work at high frequencies ranging from kHz to MHz, thus reducing passive components.In order to achieve this, it is imperative to familiarize oneself with the diverse topologies in switching, rectification, mathematical models, and auxiliary components. Therefore, this article meticulously examines and presents an array of topologies, switching modes, rectification modes, mathematical models, and switching strategies. These aspects are also summarized in comparative tables. Finally, the article concludes that the most used topology is the full bridge. Similarly, in rectification, the full-bridge configuration is preferred due to its low complexity in bidirectionality. Also, PWM modulation is preferred for its ease of implementation.

Keywords: Electrical Vehicle and Energy Storage, Renewable Energy, Smart Grids
Abstract: The constantly increasing of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) in modern distribution networks, such as Photovoltaic Energy (PV) generation, brings new challenges in theplanning and operation of distribution networks. In this context, the objective of this paper is to propose an optimization model considering an Multi-period Optimal Power Flow (MOPF) for optimal allocation and operation of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) with PV in modern distribution networks. The formulation was developed in Modeling Language for Mathematical Programming (AMPL) and solved using the Knitro solver in a time horizon of 24 hours, aiming to reduce energy losses. In addition to minimizing energy losses, an improvement in the voltage profile and a flat generation curve in the substation is verified. To show the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed model, several analyzes were performed on the 33-bus distribution test system. The results allow us to conclude that the proposed model for optimal allocation and management of BESS with RES is suitable for real-world applications, resulting in important reductions in energy losses and leveling of voltage profiles.

Keywords: Automation and Process Control, Industry 4.0, Internet of Things
Abstract: Updating a large-scale industrial system in order to keep up with what is new in industrial automation technology can be a very difficult task, especially when the hardware components in an automated system are not all from the same manufacturer. The goal of this paper is to observe the process of establishing industrial automation with high levels of interoperability, both in hardware and software, from building to startup. This paper was written during project development of full retrofitting and automation of a bearing plate production line, one of the most important parts of vehicle powertrain.

Keywords: Automation and Process Control, Industry Applications, Optimization Heuristics and Methods
Abstract: Este artigo apresenta um estudo comparativo dos métodos de otimização, LQR e Bryson, para minimização da energia de controle em um modelo dinâmico de giroscópio. O estudo utilizou um sistema de giroscópio simulado para avaliar o desempenho de tais métodos. Os resultados mostraram que o método de Bryson foi o mais efetivo na minimização da energia de controle, reduzindo o consumo de energia do sistema consideravelmente em comparação com o método LQR aplicado isoladamente. Além disso, o método de otimização heurística como o método de Bryson se mostrou altamente adaptável à dinâmica de sistemas não lineares. Os resultados deste estudo são relevantes para o desenvolvimento de sistemas de controle eficientes e otimizados para sistemas industriais complexos e dinâmicos.

Keywords: Automation and Process Control, Industry Applications
Abstract: Considering possible faults that may occur in an industrial system, such as loss of effectiveness in an actuator, or faults in sensors, the use of a Fault-Tolerant Control System (FTCS) can be an efficient approach to deal with the consequences of these faults. However, some issues such as slow reconfiguration transients and chattering in the control signal are still topics for ongoing investigation in this area. To deal with such problems, a new FTCS is proposed in this work, where the features and benefits of robust and adaptive controls are combined in a single control scheme. Here, the proposed scheme is applied to a SISO (single input, single output) industrial plant subject to abrupt and incipient actuator faults — which cause efficiency losses. A comparison was made between a traditional FTCS, which uses adaptiveness without a special initial condition in the adaptive law, and the proposed scheme, showing that the results obtained with the proposed scheme were more efficient — the reconfiguration transients were faster without causing chattering in the control signal. The particular condition used as the initial condition in the adaptive law obtained via Lyapunov’s method is the reason for these improvements.

Keywords: Robotics and Mechatronics, Automation and Process Control, Industry Applications
Abstract: In this paper, a stability control via differential braking is developed. The Model Predictive Control (MPC) is considered based on a linearized four wheels model. The performance is evaluated considering model-in-the-loop tests in the software CarSim. The maneuvers Double Lane Change and Sine Dwell are considered. Results show the efficiency of MPC in keeping the vehicle stability with hard maneuvers.

Keywords: Automation and Process Control, Robotics and Mechatronics, Industry Applications
Abstract: An Electronic Stability System (ESC) is an automotive system that helps to improve the stability in the handling of the vehicle to avoid accidents and provide a better driving experience. The development, validation, and implementation of a practical ESC as part of the vehicle safety system have involved the work of many major automotive companies and authors in recent years. In this paper, a PID controller is designed for the ESC system of a general car. For this purpose,Matlab® and Carsim® software are used together to model, develop and simulate the ESC system. The result is a PID controller with hysteresis that acts on the brakes of the car to provide yaw stability control and minimize the side-slip angle caused by a sudden driving maneuver. This controller is effective and easy to implement so that its production and set-up on a real vehicle are simple and feasible.

Keywords: Renewable Energy, Power Electronics, Power and Eneergy Systems
Abstract: The use of converter-based renewable energy sources for electric power generation has been growing remarkably over the last few years. As a result, the stability of the electrical system has been impacted, with new problems and challenges arising from the use of devices based on power electronics. To minimize the impacts, Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) have been widely integrated into wind and solar systems. In this context, this article provides an overview of the stability concept, the characteristics of electronic converters, converter models, and the main computational tools used in the stability study. In addition, case studies found in the literature that investigate the effects of applying BESS on the stability of electrical systems with wind and solar plants are presented.

Keywords: Renewable Energy, Power Quality, Power and Eneergy Systems
Abstract: The massive integration of photovoltaic systems into electrical grids increases the complexity of system operation and planning, which can cause problems with energy quality. The hosting capacity of a Distributed Energy Resource (DER) refers to the maximum level of penetration of a DER into the electrical grid without violating the system. This paper presents a combination mapping methodology of photovoltaic systems to catalog data and understand different scenarios, using simulations with OpenDSS and Python to evaluate the hosting capacity in two IEEE test feeders. The results show that when there are a greater number of photovoltaic systems, there is greater standardization of the results, with less dispersion in values, in contrast to just one photovoltaic system. Additionally, electrical systems with different characteristics present different network violations, such as overload or overvoltage.

Keywords: Renewable Energy, Resource Efficienty & Circular Economy Tracking, Power and Eneergy Systems
Abstract: Brazil has a public policy for low-income residential consumers called Electrical Energy Social Tariff (TSEE), in which they receive a gradual discount on the energy bills according to their respective consumption. This work assesses the possibility of substituting the TSEE with the installation of photovoltaic systems (PV) to supply the demand of low-income consumers and analyzes the project’s economic feasibility and the associated challenges. The proposed solution assumes the supply of all low-income consumers based on Brazilian public and official data from 2021. The results demonstrate that investing in photovoltaic systems is highly feasible as a Net Present Value (NPV) of R163 billion and an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 25,47% were obtained.

Keywords: Renewable Energy, Smart Grids, Power and Eneergy Systems
Abstract: Green hydrogen (GH2, or H2V in Portuguese) is a clean and sustainable energy production alternative that has been gaining more and more attention in Brazil. It is produced from renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic (PV) solar and wind energy and can be used as an energy source for industry, transportation, and other applications. The country has already started its first initiatives for projects and memorandums of understanding (MoU) with international companies for the creation of hydrogen hubs and plants for export. The article presents an updated review of green hydrogen in Brazil, listing the economic prospects, electrolysis process, applications, project initiatives, and challenges. Among the results, the country's comfortable position to compete in the global market with a production cost between US1.8/kg and US1.2/kg stands out. It also highlights the position of Ceará as the state with the greatest advancement in projects, such as the first plant in the Port of Pecém, inaugurated in 2023. However, the article discusses one of the most enduring challenges that remain, the certification of the energy origin for electrolysis and the stability problems.

Keywords: Renewable Energy, Smart Grids, Power and Eneergy Systems
Abstract: This research shows substantial progress towards achieving sustainable rural electrification by implementing photovoltaic (PV) systems in accordance with the minimum service standards set by the National Electric Power Agency (ANEEL). The pilot solar energy initiative not only establishes a viable energy solution for the region, but also extends its positive impacts to 21 households within the Carão community of the Tapajós-Arapiuns Extractive Reserve. Through the provision of solar panel kits and energy storage systems, the project ensures a consistent power supply for small electronics and daily lighting needs. Beyond its direct energy benefits, the project plays a pivotal role in fostering local socioenvironmental progress, thereby improving the overall quality of life for the community. Before the introduction of solar energy, the community relied solely on a diesel generator, which operated for a limited time from 7 to 10 pm. However, the unreliability of the generator was highlighted by outdated technology, logistical challenges in obtaining technical support, increasing fuel costs, and difficulties in transporting diesel via boats. This underscores the significance and success of the solar energy initiative.

Keywords: Renewable Energy, Automation and Process Control, Robotics and Mechatronics
Abstract: This manuscript proposes the design of a robust controller for a solar tracking system. The mechanical system is modeled as a rigid body with two degrees of freedom of orientation. The controller is computed in three step: i) an inverse dynamics controller that compensates modeled effects, leading to a simpler dynamical system; ii) a high-gain disturbance observer to get rid of uncertainties and disturbances, producing an ideal linear system; and iii) a nominal controller to enforce finite-time tracking. The dynamics of the actuators are accounted by considering electrical direct-current motors, providing a fast and accurate tracking performance. Representative simulations are provided to highlight the reliability of the proposed scheme.

Keywords: Renewable Energy, Power and Eneergy Systems, Power Quality
Abstract: The increasing demand for renewable sources of electric energy, with low environmental impact, has led to advancements in various fields, including Distributed Generation (DG), which represents an alternative generation model compared to the traditional centralized electricity supply system. However, excessive use of this technology can result in operational situations that did not occur previously in a conventional system, such as bidirectional power flow and significant variations in short-circuit current values. In this context, this article presents the use of a Simplified Photovoltaic Generator Model (SPVM) to analyze the high penetration impact of Distributed Photovoltaic Generation (DPVG) on the power, voltage and current profiles of the IEEE 13 Node Test Feeder (13NTF) during single-phase and three-phase faults using the ATPDraw software. The simplified modeling allows for faster and more efficient analyses while reducing computational effort. The presented results demonstrate that the current protection philosophy may be insufficient in systems with a high level of DG penetration, depending on the type of fault and the total power supplied by the DGs.

Keywords: Renewable Energy, Power and Eneergy Systems
Abstract: A expansão da geração de energia eólica offshore no mundo tem motivado o aumento das pesquisas e estudos relacionados a esse tipo de sistema para aplicação no Brasil. Parques eólicos offshore podem possuir diferentes configurações. Esse artigo dá uma visão geral da estrutura de um parque eólico offshore, apresenta diferentes layouts para as redes coletoras desses sistemas, focando na aplicação em sistemas isolados. O artigo apresenta um método para análise preliminar comparativa das perdas elétricas para as diferentes configurações de redes coletoras, demonstrando sua aplicação.

Keywords: Renewable Energy, Power Electronics
Abstract: Abstract— High step-up dc-dc voltage converters are widely used in photovoltaic systems and UPS. Among these converters, the basic boost converter and boost-based hybrid converters are widely presented in the technical literature. A comparative study involving two non-isolated topologies is carried out in this paper and considers features as the efficiency, devices count-rate and sizing, and modularization capability. The study is supported by simulation and experimental essays to confirm theory and feasibility, respectively.

Keywords: Renewable Energy, Electrical Machines and Drives, Power and Eneergy Systems
Abstract: The possibility of integrating offshore wind farms to supply energy to maritime oil and gas (O&G) extraction installations represents a promising greener solution for the sector, since the production of clean and renewable energy may be able to meet, in whole or in part, the high energy demand of the system, in addition to being an interesting alternative to reduce fuel gas costs and even investment in transmission links to the coast. On the other hand, although there are several advantages inherent to the high penetration of renewable energy sources, inverter-based generation does not provide any inertial response to the system and therefore compromises frequency stability. Thus, it is necessary to assess the stability of the electrical network, taking into account that it is an isolated operation and, consequently, weaker than a conventional onshore network. In this sense, the effectiveness of control strategies for frequency support is investigated, contributing to the stable operation of the system. For this, a test system is implemented and evaluates how the addressed control strategies should act on the frequency response of the model through dynamic simulations considering a disturbance. The results have shown an adequate performance contributing to the primary frequency response when compared to the unsupported system.

Keywords: Renewable Energy, Power and Eneergy Systems, Power Quality
Abstract: A natureza probabilística da geração de energia eólica e solar, eleva a novo nível de intermitência e incerteza no sistema elétrico de potência. As técnicas tradicionais de planejamento da operação foram complementadas com estudos de integração, que foram realizados com base em cenários de patamares de geração eólica e solar. Entretanto, com o aumento do abatimento da carga pela geração solar pelo lado da demanda e da incerteza de geração induzidas pela alta penetração da geração de energia eólica e solar, o Operador do Sistema enfrentará problemas operacionais na manutenção do equilíbrio geração/carga, frequência do sistema, suporte de reativos e demandas de intercâmbios mais robustos. A resposta padrão para as preocupações levantadas por esse aumento na incerteza é que o sistema deve se tornar mais flexível. O artigo apresenta algumas noções de flexibilidade para avaliar qualitativamente um sistema de potência e algumas métricas para interpretar a flexibilidade operacional do sistema de potência, tais como, tomada de carga, duração da tomada de carga e potência. Adicionalmente é apresentado uma análise sobre impacto da intermitência das fontes renováveis na matriz elétrica e em especial na matriz brasileira, mostrando a possibilidade de oportunidades benéficas ao promover uma maior flexibilidade operativa ao sistema elétrico.

Keywords: Renewable Energy
Abstract: O Brasil apresenta um dos maiores potenciais mundiais para a geração de energia proveniente de fontes eólicas e solares, dadas suas vastas áreas costeiras e clima tropical que propiciam ventos fortes e consistentes. Especialmente a região Nordeste do país se sobressai devido à presença de ventos constantes e de alta velocidade, fatores que têm impulsionado a implantação de numerosos parques eólicos na área. No entanto, o processo de instalação e manutenção de torres para aferição direta dos ventos se revela dispendioso, constituindo um desafio em nações de vasta extensão territorial, como é o caso do Brasil. A obtenção de uma estrutura abrangente demandaria a instalação de um grande volume de torres, o que pode se tornar inviável em termos de custo e logística. A nanorrede CC abordada neste artigo se apresenta como uma solução eficaz e viável para a geração de energia e fornecimento de telecomunicações para microestações e perfiladores micrometeorológicos.

Keywords: Renewable Energy, Power and Eneergy Systems, Electrical Machines and Drives
Abstract: The increase in Clean Renewable Energy generation is one of the most important themes at present time in order to pursuit the zero net emissions. In such context, the Wind Energy presents itself as one of the most relevant options showing a rapid growth over the past years. Commercial Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS), often employ power converters, behaving differently from conventional electromechanical generation systems in the event of faults, furthermore, within a chosen topology different control strategies adopted by different manufactures may influence the expected disturbance response, which in turn, reflects on the protection necessities, power quality and grid code compliance. There are several control philosophies of Synchronous generators, each one prioritizing a goal. In this article, three control methods have been explored: The Zero d-Axis Current (ZDC) Control, the Maximum Torque per Ampere Control (MTPA) and Unit Power Factor Control (UPF). In this work, it is first presented the theory of operation of a WECS composed of a synchronous generator and a full-scale back-to-back converter, then it´s behavior is studied through computational simulation with the application of different types of internal faults evaluating the response variations in face of the different control philosophies.

Keywords: Smart Grids, Renewable Energy
Abstract: Renewable sources play an increasingly important role in electrical systems, mainly in the form of distributed energy resources close to the loads, thus contributing to the concept of microgrids. Microgrids have associated a series of attributes that make them the fundamental basis of smart grids and, mainly, of the energy transition process. Microgrids make consumers actors in the system, reducing costs and increasing the reliability of the electrical service. In a holistic view, several microgrids can collaborate and benefit from joint operation in order to gain reliability and resilience. In this article, a critical review of multi-microgrids, architectures, advantages and their main challenges and future perspectives is carried out.

Keywords: Electrical Vehicle and Energy Storage, Renewable Energy, Power Electronics
Abstract: The present work aims to develop a numerical model of a real solar boat system that will be implemented in UFPA, as part of the SIMA project. The MATLAB/Simulink modeling software was used in conjunction with PVSyst to obtain electric and physical operating parameters of the boat. Additionally, it is possible to perform an ecological and economic analysis of the boat, comparing similar models but with traditional internal combustion technology. The results demonstrate the simulated components, as well as the economic advantage in terms of fuel cost and reduced CO2 emissions.

Keywords: Electrical Vehicle and Energy Storage, Power and Eneergy Systems, Smart Grids
Abstract: This paper estimates the maximum number of EVs that can be supplied by a distribution transformer without experiencing accelerated aging and loss of life. The study analyzes how vehicles with higher battery capacity charging at higher charging power levels affect transformer life. Simulations are conducted considering long-range vehicles with 75 kWh charging at 11 kW, and short-range vehicles with 24 kWh charging at 7.4 kW. The EV hosting capacity is assessed by exploring multiple EV penetration levels and two ambient temperature profiles (winter and summer season) to analyze the effect on transformer life. The study is conducted as case study based on real data, with residential load curves from United Kingdom, and EV profiles derived from the Electric Nation project developed in United Kingdom. Results show that vehicles with long-range batteries are more harmful to transformer life, especially during winter season. In this condition, to avoid premature aging of transformer, a much smaller number of electric vehicles should be connected.

Keywords: Autonomous Vehicles and Drones, Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence
Abstract: With the growing demand for efficiency in precision agriculture, the popularization of autonomous agricultural vehicles (AAV) is a trend. A safer operation is then necessary, due to the risk that the operation of these machines presents. Several sensors are used for this purpose, working together with computer vision and machine learning algorithms. The literature produced on the subject is vast and rapidly updated. However, different neural network architectures are available and can be tested in embedded systems for agricultural automation. This article presents comparisons between different versions of Yolo and SSD Mobilenet networks, using 82 minutes of videos recorded in the context of a sugarcane harvest. These comparisons were performed on an AGX Jetson Orin and a desktop computer with an RTX 3060 Ti graphics card. In the first case, we also compare networks that use the library provided by the manufacturer (Jetson Inference) and also networks that use the OpenCV and PyTorch libraries. For an embedded system using AGX, the best results were found with the YoloV4 network provided by the OpenCV library. Better results may be found when more advanced networking architectures are available in native AGX Jetson Orin libraries.

Keywords: Autonomous Vehicles and Drones, Artificial Intelligence, Industry Applications
Abstract: Multi-robot systems can provide substantial increase in efficiency and/or flexibility in different scenarios. Applications in various settings have been studied in the literature, such as disaster management, surveillance, object transportation as well as search-and-rescue. A particular case that can highly benefit from the employment of multiple agents is the logistics in a warehouse scenario. This work proposes an multi-agent Q-learning based algorithm with curriculum learning and transfer learning to perform the path planning process. With progressively more complex stages of training as well as knowledge transfer from one stage to another, the algorithm is capable of achieve high success rates. In order to validate the proposed method, simulations were done to compare it to other combinations of the used techniques, as well as using Q-learning only. Scalability tests were also performed. The proposed method achieved up to 94% success rate after training.

Keywords: Electrical Vehicle and Energy Storage, Electrical Machines and Drives, Industry Applications
Abstract: The eminent growth in the electric vehicle (EV) market requires fast tools for testing and validating control algorithms. Dynamic load emulation (DLE) through rotary electric machines provides a simple and effective solution for control systems validation. Therefore, this article addresses the issue of EV dynamics emulation using a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM). A simple vehicle electromechanical model is presented to investigate the variables that influence its dynamics. The proposed DLE scheme incorporates a speed-tracking controller, a torque compensator based on the Luenberger observer, and a sensorless control strategy based on the Back-Electromotive Force (BEMF) estimation with a Kalman filter. Simulations with Formula SAE EV parameters are performed to validate the proposed control scheme. The simulation results demonstrate the scheme's effectiveness in real-time DLE.

Keywords: Machine Learning, Additive Manufaturing, Robotics and Mechatronics
Abstract: Com o aumento da demanda por eficiência na agricultura de precisão, a popularização do uso de veículos agrı́colas autônomos (VAAs) é uma tendência crescente. A literatura sobre o assunto é vasta e se atualiza rapidamente. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o conhecimento produzido sobre VAAs para identificar as melhores técnicas e estratégias de visão computacional e redes neurais. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática abrangendo os últimos 10 anos para identificar publicações científicas relevantes cuja implementação foi realizada em veículos agrı́colas autônomos. Foram encontrados excelentes resultados em 35 artigos analisados. Dentre eles, as soluções que se utilizam de redes neurais convolucionais se destacam, sendo as mais populares nos últimos anos, e com abordagens variadas, como aprendizado por transferência e redes que fazem uso de concatenações de sensores.

Keywords: Autonomous Vehicles and Drones, Large Scale and Network Control
Abstract: Recent advances in autonomous vehicles have encouraged researchers to provide accurate and efficient safety verification tools. Reachability analysis is one way to provide these safety and stability certificates for any dynamical systems. In this paper, we are proposing a model-based reachability approach for the performance analysis of vehicle dynamics. Reachable sets demonstrate all the possible solutions of a dynamical system that can be reached starting from a set of initial conditions. This analysis particularly has importance in both on-road and off-road vehicles, where the driver can lose control of the vehicle for some uncertain initial conditions resulting in an unwanted path, leading to collision or missing the target. The computation of reachable sets becomes challenging for the vehicle due to the nonlinearity present in the model. In this paper, we are proposing a Koopman theory-based approach using principal eigenfunctions and the Koopman spectrum. The principal eigenfunction reduces the computational complexity and provides a formal approximation of reachable sets. We demonstrate the proposed approach's usefulness in computing the reachable sets for quarter-car dynamics compared with time-domain simulations.

Keywords: Automation and Process Control, Industry Applications
Abstract: Many control systems face inefficiencies due to poorly characterized models or inadequate strategies. In this study, the step method and least squares were applied to model the Smar PD3 plant, using PID and LQR control. To validate the gains of the PID controller simulated in the plant, tests were carried out by adding a disturbance to a 10% bypass valve. A 58min20s test showed a settling time (Ta) of 436s and a maximum peak (Mp) of 14.28%. The LQR controller under similar conditions achieved (Ta) of 330s and (Mp) of 0%, with a test of 58min20s and a disturbance of 15%. LQR showed superior rejection of the disturbance. When evaluating models and strategies, the step method was chosen for its good visual fit and RMSE of 2.135, while LQR outperformed PI with lower (Ta) and overshoot, which can increase the useful life of actuators.

Keywords: Automation and Process Control, Industry Applications, Optimization Heuristics and Methods
Abstract: This article implements the multi-objective grey wolf optimizer (MOGWO) in the tuning process of the gains of the Fractional-Order Proportional-Integral-Derivative (FOPID) controller applied in the control of a boiler system. For a sequence of 100 runs, this application had compared and analyzed with other implementation that uses MOGWO to optimize the gains of the classical Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller. In the computational simulation, the value hypervolume metric had used to analyze the performance of the controllers. In the results, the implementation of the FOPID showed superior to PID, where the comparison had validated by a hypothesis test. Despite the higher computational cost concerning the tuning process of the PID controller, this study proved that the FOPID controller can be advantageous for industrial applications.

Keywords: Automation and Process Control
Abstract: This work presents an approach for secure communication based on the underactuated synchronization of a three-dimensional chaotic system recently introduced in the literature. Lyapunov theory is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system, ensuring that the synchronization error is bounded and achieves convergence in finite time, even in the presence of bounded disturbances. Additionally, the study includes computer simulations based on Matlab/Simulink to validate the proposed system, encompassing the master-slave synchronization and the implementation of a secure communication scheme.

Keywords: Industry 4.0, Internet of Things, Automation and Process Control
Abstract: The technological advances available have always helped to increase the performance and complexity of manufacturing processes, always seeking to meet the growing demands of an increasingly globalized market. In this sense, conventional printed circuit board (PCB) assembly systems generally have a coupled and linear work structure. This structure is characterized by low flexibility and scalability, which directly impact the final value of the product. Faced with this challenge, this article presents a new methodological perspective, to propose an architecture to characterize the Surface Mount Technology (SMT) line system in the context of Industry 4.0, based on a distributed control system and using a Unified Namespace (UNS). This feature allows the control system to perform different activities collaboratively and with greater flexibility, optimizing the use of workstations involved in the process. The Coloured Petri Net is used as a modeling language for specification, simulating, and validating the proposed architecture. This architecture tends to generate a result of greater effectiveness and final efficiency of the production line, enabling better control over the resources used and helping in the development of cyber-physical systems, which are essential in the evolution of the concept of production from the classic Industry 3.0 to the Industry 4.0 (I4.0).

Keywords: Automation and Process Control, Industry Applications, Power and Eneergy Systems
Abstract: In order to be reliable, safe, selective, and high speed, protection systems have evolved quite significantly. Protection relays, now called intelligent electronic devices (IEDs), are the main elements of these systems and currently encompass not only protection functions but also bring advantages to the entire automation process within a substation, such as control and supervision. In this sense, this paper presents a proposal of auto diagnostics and monitoring template applied to IEDs of a 230 kV substation. To achieve this, analysis of the existing protection, control, monitoring and structures for input circuit breakers, feeders and busbar interconnection are inserted. This proposal explores the latest in terms of the features available in benchtop IED. The main results obtained are presented as a future proposal for improvement and standardization of control, diagnostics, monitoring, protection, and communication logic.

Keywords: Automation and Process Control, Industry 4.0, Industry Applications
Abstract: Por ter uma capacidade de transporte contínuo, o transportador de correias é um dos equipamentos mais eficientes utilizados na indústria de mineração. Contudo, devido às diversas condições de força exercida, as correias estão propensas a rasgos, falhas de funcionamento, desalinhamento e avarias à superfície que transporta o material, comprometendo a eficiência de produção. Para além disso, rasgos do tipo longitudinais são comuns, sendo, em geral, prejudiciais ao bom andamento das operações, visto que podem causar acidentes ou quebra das correias. Deste modo, é importante o desenvolvimento de sistemas de monitoramento de correias transportadora para detecção de rasgos longitudinais. Sendo assim, a identificação de rasgos longitudinais em correias transportadoras baseada na leitura de pontos bidimensionais obtidas por um scanner laser 2D é o tema proposto neste trabalho. Para tanto, uma correia transportadora montada em uma bancada de teste equipada com um scanner laser é utilizado como ambiente de experimentos. Para detectar a região que correspondem à posição do rasgo são implementados dois algoritmos. O primeiro é baseado na regra 68-95-99, denominado three-sigma. Enquanto o segundo é baseado no gráfico de controle de soma cumulativa, conhecido como cumulative sum control chart - CUSUM. Os resultados mostraram que ambos os métodos foram eficientes para identificação de rasgos longitudinais em correias transportadoras.

Keywords: Renewable Energy, Power Quality, Industry Applications
Abstract: Each solar panel comes with a one stage conversion of direct voltage power with alternating voltage power converter called a solar panel companion inverter (SPCI). Each SPCI creates a configurable pulsewidth ac quasi-square wave voltage. Each SPCI’s ac output voltage width varies according to the amount of solar panel elec- tricity that is available. Multiple solar panels are connected in series to combine the output voltages of SPCIs and create a sinusoidal ac voltage. This article presents the SPCI’s state dynamics having feedback current controller design. Through the reference current and actual current feedback a closed loop optimal state feedback control law is proposed to optimize pulse width modulated (PWM) signal to control the gate pulse of the SPCI. Simulation results are included to show the closed-loop SPCI’s dynamic response.

Keywords: Smart Grids
Abstract: Os operadores de distribuição são tradicionalmente responsáveis pela operação confiável de sistemas de distribuição de energia para consumo. No entanto, o desenvolvimento e a expansão dos recursos de geração distribuídos e das redes de distribuição inteligentes, requer uma nova plataforma para esses operadores. Esta plataforma deve minimizar o custo de operação de uma área de distribuição local através de relações transacionais com o mercado da transmissão e o despacho dos geradores pertencentes ao condomínio. Porém, minimizar o custo de compra de energia e minimizar o custo de geração interna são objetivos conflitantes para o operador, o que configura um problema de otimização biobjetivo. Neste trabalho é proposto um modelo de procedimento de compensação de mercado biobjetivo para a Operação do Mercado de Distribuição (DSO). Foram obtidas as soluções eficientes para a decisão do operador do mercado utilizando o método exato de resolução Soma Ponderada. Por meio de uma análise de sensibilidade se demonstrou o impacto dos pesos dados pelo DSO para cada objetivo para a determinação do despacho dos geradores e nas relações de compra e venda de energia com o mercado da transmissão.

Keywords: Smart Grids, Power and Eneergy Systems, Renewable Energy
Abstract: Decarbonization and decentralization efforts are at the forefront of the ongoing evolution of power grids. Such evolution requires tools to properly simulate the behavior of increasingly-complex networks. This paper presents an advancement upon a previously developed simulation tool for smart-grids with a focus on optimal battery allocation in a distribution network, in a scenario of high penetration of renewable resources in the form of distributed generation. The allocation is performed with the use of an Evolutionary Particle Swarm Optimization (EPSO) algorithm working in tandem with the Simulation Model for Transactive Energy Systems (SiMTES). It is shown that the proper allocation of distributed storage resources can mitigate conflicts that arise from different operational forecasts from the DSO and prosumers, and that a proper allocation relies on covering key areas of the grid, not necessarily any particular nodes.

Keywords: Smart Grids, Internet of Things, Industry 4.0
Abstract: Nowadays, industrial processes are creating increasing demands for optimized and efficient sensing systems and require high reliability and a short time interval for information delivery. This paper presents an embedded sensor system that uses the ESP-NOW protocol with a Mesh and Ad Hoc network, in order to provide an auto mesh configuration upon failure at some point in the network. This system was implemented to monitor the variables of an induction motor, after which, before sending the data to the cloud, local processing is performed to reduce the volume of data. Finally, a computer simulation of the WROOM-32 module is performed for a thermal analysis during its operation, where the heating points of the plate are identified and analyzed, in order to validate that the system, even processing a large amount of data, maintains a high reliability during its operation.

Keywords: Renewable Energy, Power Electronics
Abstract: O aumento da conexão de geradores distribuídos faz com que entidades do setor elétrico e de regulamentação nacional, como o Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico e o INMETRO, exijam que tais geradores cumpram requisitos de suportabilidade contra variações de tensão e frequência, muitas vezes referenciados na literatura como ride-through, para preservar a estabilidade do sistema elétrico. Tais requisitos devem ser atendidos, porém diminuem as opções de ajuste das proteções anti-ilhamento no qual devem garantir que a perda da rede seja detectada em no máximo dois segundos. Neste contexto, esse trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar os impactos de tais requisitos de suportabilidade na detecção da perda da rede com formação de ilhas com geração distribuída baseada em inversor no qual a fonte primária é modelada de modo a incluir a sua dinâmica em eventos de perda da rede. Tal avaliação é feita por meio da comparação das Zonas de Não Detecção quando a geração distribuída está com e sem técnicas ativas anti-ilhamento para cenários considerando os requisitos de suportabilidade da Categoria III da IEEE 1547-2018 e do INMETRO. Os resultados mostram que é possível eliminar a Zona de Não Detecção para cenários em que inversor está com método ativo desde que sejam usados, pelo menos, as proteções ANSI 27/59 e ANSI 81U/O simultaneamente.

Keywords: Renewable Energy, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning
Abstract: A produção de energia solar é diretamente atrelada às condições ambientais do local de instalação dos módulos fotovoltaicos. Desta forma, em locais com presença acentuada de sombreamento nos arranjos, a geração fotovoltaica acaba por ser altamente impactada. Devido a este fator, a curva P-V característica do arranjo fotovoltaico na ocorrência de um sombreamento parcial torna-se afetada, apresentando agora a existência de diversos pontos de máximos locais, além do ponto de máxima potência. Em consequência, os algoritmos MPPT convencionais, como o Perturba e Observa, acabam por rastrear apenas um ponto, o qual, por muitas das vezes, pode não ser o máximo global. Este trabalho propõe, portanto, a utilização de uma técnica de otimização metaheurística, o Grey Wolf, nos algoritmos MPPT, de forma a mitigar os contratempos já supracitados. Os resultados são obtidos a partir de simulações em ambiente Simulink/MATLAB, demostrando que esta técnica é capaz de sempre rastrear adequadamente o ponto de máxima potência global, mesmo em condições extremamente adversas de sombreamento.