Keywords: Industry 4.0
Abstract: Advances in communication technology, computational modeling, and control algorithms have enabled the transformation of data into knowledge and control of machines and systems in real-time with high accuracy via smart sensory devices and wireless networks. Such systems are known as cyber-physical systems (CPS). Cyber-enabled Manufacturing (CeM) is a CPS that focuses on manufacturing machines and systems. As information technology becomes robust and mature, developed countries such as Germany are promoting the concept of Industry 4.0. The intent is to integrate designers, manufacturers, and consumers in a seamless way to increase productivity, reliability and customer satisfaction. This lecture will describe key CeM and Industry 4.0 concepts; what has been done so far; and what the challenges are. Existing work will be covered and ongoing projects will be provided as illustrations. Potential research areas are included throughout the talk.

Keywords: Industry 4.0, Industry Applications, Automation and Process Control
Abstract: Internet of Things - IoT - has opened up opportunities for the development of new applications in various segments, being one of the drivers of the revolutions that are occurring in cities and industries. Smart cities and Industry 4.0 represent these revolutions. Given the breadth of concepts and technologies related to IoT, this work seeks to present an overview of these different aspects that support the development of solutions for IoT. In this work, we present a literature review and identify the primary hardware and communication technologies, protocols, algorithms, and security and privacy services for IoT.

Keywords: Industry Applications, Industry 4.0
Abstract: Acompanhando a movimentação da industria com relação a utilização de soluções em Internet das Coisas (IoT), tais como o uso dos serviços de nuvem para melhor lidar com análise de dados em tempo real, neste trabalho, os autores objetivam explorar uma integração entre um sistema móvel de aquisição de dados de vibração com serviço de computação em nuvem. Os dados armazenados em um banco de dados na nuvem são analisados por intermédio de um algoritmo que apresenta determinados padrões a depender do tipo de falha em questão. Desse modo, a partir do que é mostrado neste trabalho, é possível realizar a manutenção preditiva baseada na evolução destes padrões ao longo do tempo. No contexto de IoT, o usuário pode receber relatórios sobre os dispositivos monitorados e tomar as decisões pertinentes

Keywords: Industry 4.0, Industry Applications, Automation and Process Control
Abstract: A Indústria 4.0 tem despertado o interesse, no ambiente acadêmico e em ambientes industriais, por tecnologias capazes de permitir que, a informação gerada em seus setores de produção, seja disponibilizada para os seus diversos setores, tornando mais acessíveis e facilitadas as tarefas de análise de desempenho e de produtividade. Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento e aplicação de gateways MQTT utilizados para integração da informação entre dispositivos industriais presentes em uma rede industrial, sistemas de banco de dados e supervisão. São demonstrados a arquitetura de comunicação utilizada, a composição dos tópicos de integração e os resultados obtidos.

Keywords: Industry Applications, Smart Grids, Industry 4.0
Abstract: Um dos protocolos mais utilizados em redes de sensoriamento é o ZigBee, que devido ao seu baixo custo de aquisição, baixa latência e baixa taxa de pacotes de dados se torna um grande atrativo para esta finalidade. O ZigBee, assim como outras tecnologias, utiliza a faixa de frequência não licenciada de 2,4 GHz, e que devido ao grande número de dispositivos utilizando essa mesma faixa de frequência, gera atenuações e interferências entre os sinais. Considerando que a tecnologia WiFi está presente em grande parte dos ambientes, esse protocolo se torna a principal fonte de degradação do sinal do ZigBee, comprometendo o desempenho da rede de comunicação. Este trabalho tem como objetivo modelar e analisar o desempenho do ZigBee sob interferência de redes WiFi, considerando esta como uma interferência de banda parcial. Os resultados demonstram que o WiFi afeta o desempenho do ZigBee principalmente nos 3 primeiros metros de distância, e que assim, é possível minimizar consideravelmente os efeitos da interferência selecionando canais com frequências menos sobrepostas.

Keywords: Industry 4.0, Industry Applications, Automation and Process Control
Abstract: The evolution and diffusion of the information and communication technologies enable connections among people, machines and everyday objects. In the industrial environment, the exchange of information among sensors, equipment and entire manufacturing units through the Internet offers advantages, such as integration of the production chain, flexibility and agility in data acquisition and automatic decision-making, in a paradigm labelled as the Fourth Industrial Revolution. In the Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things context, this paper introduces an Internet of Things gateway applied to a multitask industrial plant. The gateway is based on hardware and software that communicate with the industrial equipment via Siemens S7 and Modbus protocols and with a server developed in a cloud computing platform via Message Query Telemetry Transport protocol. This solution enables the monitoring and control of the process variables of the plant through an online graphical interface. Moreover, the measurement of the time spent to read the data of the Programmable Logic Controllers and their updating in the online interface shows that the communication between the server and the physical system presents low latency.

Keywords: Industry 4.0, Cybernetic Systems, Industry Applications
Abstract: Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is a key technology in the scenario of Industry 4.0. Just like any IoT architecture, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) plays a fundamental hole, but the factory floor presents challenges that made usual WSN technologies inadequate. This paper addresses and compares the main features of the two WSN standards developed specially for an industrial application, WirelessHART and ISA100.11A. The main contribution of this work is the comparison between them in the context of IoT in Industry 4.0. The results show that the two standards have many similarities and almost equal performances in factory floor conditions, and can even coexist. However, ISA100 has some features that make it more aligned with the Industry 4.0 concepts.

Keywords: Power Systems, Smart Grids, Industry Applications
Abstract: This paper evaluates the influence of a high-quality initial solution built with linear programming (LP) in the coordination of directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) using an ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm. The ACO-MV (Multi-variable) presented is an expansion of the ACO algorithm for continuous domain optimization problems adapted to mixed-variable optimization problems, summarized in two types of variables both continuous and categorical. In this work are two decision variables, TDS considered continuous and PS categorical. Normally, the initial solution is randomly generated, in addition, those results are compared by using the same random PS values for solving a relaxation of the DOCRs problem with LP to obtain new TDS values. To compare the advantage in the addition of LP for the initial solution this methodology evaluates three transmission systems (3, 8, and 15 Bus accordingly).

Keywords: Power Systems, Power Electronics, Renewable Energy
Abstract: There is a change occurring in the energetic matrix, and the participation of renewable energy generation is growing daily. The increase of wind and solar (photovoltaic) generation is reaching surprising levels, something that concerns electrical system’s controllers. The reduced inertia is an inherent characteristic of this new generation, which affects the system’s stability, primarily in relation with the transient frequency. With this reduced inertia occurs an increase of the frequency nadir (undershoot) which occurs in the sudden increases of load, which can provoke action of the sub frequency relays. The goal of this article is to conduct a study the implement of a virtual inertia (synthetic) to the electric system, studying your characteristics and comparing to the system’s performance. By using computer simulation, a test system with a low inertia traditional generator plugged to a power grid was created. It was made the modelling of a VISMA (virtual synchronous machine) to reproduce the behavior of traditional generators. A disturbance (increase of load) was simulated in the test system and the performances were compared with or without the VISMA implantation. The result of the computer simulation demonstrates that it is possible to obtain a virtual inertia helping in the electric system’s stability.

Keywords: Power Systems
Abstract: Lightning-induced surges can cause backflashovers in transmission lines which lead to outages in power systems. In this context, the tower-footing grounding impedance and tower surge impedance play fundamental roles in reducing the lightning-induced surges. The tower footing grounding impedance and tower surge impedance have been evaluated by many models and numerical methods in the frequency and the time domain. The tower-footing grounding system is represented by lumped or distributed parameter models and the tower surge impedance is calculated by geometric solid models or lumped circuits. In this article, the full-wave solution of Maxwell’s equations using the method of moments is used for calculating the tower-footing grounding impedance of counterpoise electrodes in the frequency domain for various values of soil resistivity. Then, the admittance of two different transmission towers is calculated for various soils by the same method. Once the admittance of the combined tower and the footing is obtained, a lumped circuit model is developed that will enable the lightning-induced surge calculation directly in time domain.

Keywords: Power Systems
Abstract: This paper shows a simple and efficient methodology using recursive convolutions and Vector Fitting to simulate electromagnetic transients of a single-phase transmission line during a switching procedure directly in the time domain. To validate the proposed methodology, it was tested in a single-phase transmission line considering diverse excitation voltage source and different conditions in its receiving end. The results are compared by the Universal Line Model, which is developed in frequency domain and it uses the Numerical Inverse Laplace Transform (NLT) to obtain the time domain responses. The results showed that proposed method is accurate besides its friendly implementation and can be employed in transient analysis.

Keywords: Power Systems
Abstract: Mathematical models have an important role in the study, analysis and planning of electric power systems operation. Suitable models produce more reliable data regarding the real behavior of the system. The main objective of this article is to present a model for the study of power system small signal stability, the Current Sensitivity Model (CSM). The CSM is composed by sets of differential and algebraic equations. The differential equations are used to represent the dynamics of power systems equipment, such as generators and controllers. The algebraic equations represents the current nodal balance in all systems buses, where the current balance is the fundamental concept of the model. Simulations are performed in three test systems to evaluate CSM. In each of these simulations data obtained under CSM is compared with data obtained under Heffron and Phillips Model (HPM). The comparison allows to establish that for systems composed of a single machine connected to an infinite bus through a transmission line there are no differences between the models. For systems composed of more than one machine, defined as multimachine systems, numerical differences between CSM and HPM arises. Those differences are a result of the different concepts used to formulate the models, with the structure preservation being one of the key points, and one of the advantages of CSM over HPM.

Keywords: Power Systems
Abstract: With the increase of Distributed Generation connections and improvement of the distribution networks, a greater coordination of the various types of distributed energy is required, being necessary the implantation of new technological advances, mathematical and computational models of analysis. With this, there is a tendency to no longer use balanced monophasic representation, due to the complexity of the distribution networks, but the three-phase that is more consistent with the reality of these network of 13.8 and 34.5 kV. Among the usual computational methods for network analysis, there is the Three–Phase Optimal Power Flow (TOPF) that uses the three– phase representation. The objective of this work is to improve it, implementing parameterization of three-phase loads over a day and plan the operation and adjustment of automatic capacitor banks (BCs). For this purpose, the parameterization of the load and techniques for the operation of BCs are used. In order to analyze the BCs operation techniques, the 70 bus system was adapted for three-phase, considering mutual coupling and load unbalance. The results, obtained through simulations with the FPOT adapted to operate automatic BCs, affect the levels of line losses and voltage profile. Therefore, the operational techniques implemented and analyzed promote adequate adjustments of the BCs over typical days when the network was analyzed in a three-phase manner. In addition, resulting in better network quality indexes, as well as improving reliability and efficiency.

Keywords: Electrical Vehicle and Energy Storage, Smart Grids, Renewable Energy
Abstract: The concept of microgrids configured as smart grids is becoming more widespread worldwide and is inevitable for future electrical systems. In addition, recently it has intensified the growth of distributed generation (DG), which are located with the consumers themselves. In this way, the complexity of the electric system is increasing in the presence of these new generating units carrying to several questions concerning supply problems, energy quality and generation intermittences. Moreover, the electric vehicles (EV) are increasingly present in the market and they may become an additional issue to deal with peak demands. On the other hand, the EV can be seen as a good alternative for electric energy storage since they can cooperate to improve the electrical system regulation. However, in order to make it possible it is necessary to develop methods to integrate the management of the DG and EV units. In this context, a new approach is proposed using the EV to mitigate DG intermittences and large demands common to the system profile. Therefore, this paper presents a management strategy for microgrids allowing the interaction of EV with photovoltaic generation (PV) and consumer loads using a configuration that employs a shared AC bus. The proposed management strategy includes economic and quality supply aspects. The paper also it is presented results of the management strategy analysis using real profiles of PV generation and consumer demand.

Keywords: Smart Grids, Renewable Energy, Electrical Machines and Drives
Abstract: This paper proposes a Wind Power Generation System (WPGS) that operates in a Smart Grid (SG) environment by means of Power Line Communication (PLC) technology. The WPGS uses a Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) controlled by Direct Torque Control (DTC) technique and whose power references are transmitted remotely via power cables with G3-PLC technology. The complete system (DFIG, controller and PLC) was implemented in an experimental test bench and validated with the satisfactory results of the practical tests.

Keywords: Smart Grids, Renewable Energy
Abstract: This paper presents an economic viability analysis of the implantation of a photovoltaic microgeneration system, by a typical residential consumer, in the city of Itajubá (MG), in comparison with other types of investments. Besides that, it uses the economic market model, named Optimized Tariff (TAROT), as a tool to maximize the social welfare added by the market formed by these consumers, called prosumers, and the regulated power distribution company.

Keywords: Smart Grids, Renewable Energy, Industry Applications
Abstract: Grid-connected battery-based storage systems allow several applications for distribution grids and it have been widely discussed today. This work applies some features of a DC-AC converter using a grid connected 471.5kWp photovoltaic system with an integrated storage system. Focusing in details for developing simulations of this system type, a single-phase inverter model was designed with: a DC-DC buck converter to PV power dispatch control, a bidirectional DC-DC buck-boost converter for battery charging and discharging and a single-phase NPC full-bridge for 4.16kV connected through a transformer to 13.8kV distribution grid. In addition, it presents the applied local loads behavior, control strategies and converters design. As a result, a photovoltaic inverter with storage system and its operation for distribution grid supporting is presented which means, to provide ancillary services to the grid, such as: local load power factor compensation and an hourly-basis active power dispatching. Thus, allowing mitigation of transmission and distribution technical losses and improvements in voltage profile. Simulation results demonstrated an approach to delivering active and reactive power for medium voltage distribution grids maintaining the source at unity power factor.

Keywords: Smart Grids, Power Electronics
Abstract: Este trabalho apresenta a implementação e comparação de desempenho de dois algoritmos de sincronismo para conversores eletrônicos: um PLL (phase locked loop) utilizando filtro adaptativo com algoritmo LMS (least mean square) e um FLL (frequency locked loop) utilizando um filtro adaptativo com estimador de frequência. Esses algoritmos são testados, em simulação (Matlab/Simulink), para diferentes distúrbios de qualidade de energia elétrica. A resposta dinâmica e o erro em regime permanente são avaliados e comparados. Os resultados mostram que o FLL apresenta resposta dinâmica mais rápida para todos os distúrbios analisados. No entanto, ambos os algoritmos possuem erros de fase consideráveis quando a tensão apresenta flutuações. Para resultados práticos, os algoritmos são implementados em um DSP de baixo custo. O tempo de processamento e a resposta em regime permanente mostram a viabilidade de executar esses algoritmos com o DSP TMS20F28027.

Keywords: Industry Applications
Abstract: Minimizing costs and maximizing efficiency are the priorities to expand the potential of photovoltaic systems. In this paper a small scale grid-connected photovoltaic system design and a selection criterion to define the most adequate photovoltaic modules and inverters are presented. Unlike the commercial software found on the market, the methodology aims to customize the selection of the photovoltaic modules and inverters based on their performance and cost. The results obtained with the proposed method are compared with results obtained from commercial software in order to validate the methodology.

Keywords: Industrial Ultrasound Theory and Application, Automation and Process Control
Abstract: In many industrial applications the conveyor belts thickness monitoring became important. The transport of materials wears out the conveyor belt, that according to the use frequency and material type lead it to reach critical thicknesses and latter its rupture. This work has as main contribution the development of a measurement system of the conveyor belt thickness, using ultrasonic transducers for distance measurement according to time-of-flight principle, without necessity of contact and stop a process in execution by conveyor belt. The experimental results was obtained through a measuring setup with a conveyor belt driven by a motor with speed control, ultrasonic transducers with frequency operation of 40 kHz, conditioning circuits and a data acquisition unit.

Keywords: Industrial Ultrasound Theory and Application
Abstract: Pipelines are subject to wall-thickness loss due to corrosion along time. Ultrasonic pulse-echo techniques are widely used for thickness measurement achieving a high resolution. However, the precision of measurement is highly dependent on temperature and on the ultrasonic system. This work presents an echo analysis method based on an appropriate temporal window and threshold to evaluate a pipe wall-thickness using an array ultrasonic transducers. The results are experimentally evaluated using an array of eight ultrasonic transducers (5 MHz, 10-mm diameter) operating in pulse-echo mode with a water coupling layer.

Keywords: Industrial Ultrasound Theory and Application
Abstract: The development of a needle-type ultrasonic hydrophone using piezoelectric polymer material as the sensing element is presented. The main types of hydrophones employed for measuring the ultrasonic field are described. The basic design is presented, and so are the main modifications needed to make possible the hydrophone fabrication considering the available resources and facilities. The manufacturing methods and materials employed during the fabrication phases are then presented with respect to the main design components. Finally, a set of laboratory tank tests were run to evaluate some characteristics of the hydrophone manufactured. The laboratory results match with theoretical predicted analysis from the literature.

Keywords: Automation and Process Control, Industrial Ultrasound Theory and Application, Industry Applications
Abstract: Na medição de propriedades de materiais por ultrassom, frequentemente se medem parâmetros como a velocidade de propagação e o coeficiente de atenuação. Esses parâmetros podem ser muito sensíveis a variações das propriedades do material, como composição, presença de impurezas, adulteração, etc., mas também dependem fortemente da temperatura de medição. Portanto, para que se tenha um sistema confiável, em que a variação nos parâmetros acústicos dependa apenas das variações nas propriedades das amostras, é necessário que os experimentos sejam realizados a uma temperatura conhecida e controlada. Neste trabalho é apresentado um sistema embarcado para controle de temperatura, com variação menor que 0,01ºC. O sistema é baseado em células de efeito Peltier e utiliza uma plataforma de aquisição de dados de temperatura com resolução de 24 bits.

Keywords: Industrial Ultrasound Theory and Application, Industry Applications
Abstract: A velocidade de propagação de ondas acústicas pode ser utilizada para se inferir indiretamente propriedades de um material, como a compressibilidade adiabática, composição, adulteração, etc. Usando sistemas de medição de onda pulsada na obtenção da velocidade de fase em função da frequência a partir dos sinais de eco, podem aparecer saltos de 2pi~rad no cálculo da fase espectral. Como o espectro de fase é determinado através da operação de tangente inversa, aparece um termo 2pi constante, inerente a este processo, na fase do sinal referência e da amostra de interesse. Como a velocidade de fase é determinada a partir dos espectros de fase um termo 2pi(m-n) é adicionado na expressão da velocidade de fase, onde 2pi n é a ambiguidade devido a amostra de referência e o termo 2pi m é a ambiguidade devido a amostra de interesse, essas ambiguidades levam a erros significativos na estimação da velocidade. Alguns métodos já foram propostos para detectar e compensar esses saltos de fase, como a simetrização do sinal antes de se fazer o cálculo da fase, e também através do uso de relações de Kramers-Kronig, que relacionam a magnitude e a fase de um sinal. Neste trabalho propõe-se uma forma diferente de usar as relações de Kramers-Kronig, que permite a determinação desses saltos de fase a partir do conhecimento da atenuação e da velocidade de grupo, que não sofrem o efeito de ambiguidade de fase. São mostrados exemplos usando uma célula de medição de propriedades de líquidos por ultrassom e amostras de etanol, água/NaCl e óleo de rícino.

Keywords: Industrial Ultrasound Theory and Application, Robotics and Mechatronics, Automation and Process Control
Abstract: Este trabalho trata da modelagem por elementos finitos de transdutores ultrassônicos capacitivos operando em emissão, utilizando-se o software ANSYS. É usado também o software MATLAB na implementação de rotinas para analisar os resultados e para simular o campo acústico gerado por um transdutor e por um conjunto de oito transdutores excitados simultaneamente. A modelagem prevê a determinação dos parâmetros de projeto (frequência de ressonância e deslocamento da membrana). O modelo do transdutor foi representado por dois meios: o ar presente nas cavidades (ranhuras) com geometria triangular e a membrana de poliéster. Foram realizadas, para duas espessuras de membrana (12 μm e 20 μm) e seis larguras de ranhura entre 0,75 mm e 2 mm, análises eletrostáticas para obter a distribuição da força eletrostática ao longo da membrana e análises mecânicas estáticas para verificar a deformação da membrana devido à força eletrostática. Foram realizadas também as análises modal e harmônica para obter, respectivamente, as frequências de ressonâncias e a resposta em frequência de cada transdutor. Considerou-se no modelo a pré-tensão mecânica aplicada à membrana. Os resultados obtidos na verificação experimental quando comparados com os valores simulados apresentaram um erro em torno de 1% para os valores de frequências de ressonância e em torno de 13% para os valores de deslocamento do centro da membrana.

Keywords: Power Electronics, Industrial Lighting
Abstract: Por apresentar elevada eficiência e densidade de potência, o conversor ressonante LLC tem sido amplamente empregado em fontes de potência para as mais diversas aplicações. Embora o mesmo tenha sido foco de diversas anpalises, dada a sua complexidade devido ao comportamento de múltiplas ressonâncias e por ser um sistema de estrutura variável, sua solução geral e exata no domínio do tempo não é completamente abordada na literatura. Desta forma, este artigo apresenta para o conversor LLC ressonante a sua solução no domínio do tempo e outras análises derivadas desta solução. A solução apresentada é derivada da solução geral e exata de um sistema representado no espaço de estados. Diferente das abordagens anteriores, todos os estados do conversor são considerados e nenhuma aproximação em relação a correntes e tensões senoidais ou médias é feita. Resultados experimentais validam a exatidão da solução obtida no domínio do tempo, além disso mostram a potencialidade intrínseca na solução devido ao uso da representação no espaço de estados.

Keywords: Renewable Energy, Smart Grids, Power Electronics
Abstract: Este trabalho propõe um novo conversor CC-CC não isolado de alto ganho com saída com característica de fonte de corrente para aplicações fotovoltaicas. O conversor proposto utiliza indutor acoplado e capacitor comutado para obtenção de elevado ganho estático com reduzido número de componentes. As análises qualitativas e quantitativas do conversor são apresentadas. Para verificar o desempenho do conversor, um protótipo de 200 W foi construído e testado em laboratório.

Keywords: Power Electronics, Renewable Energy, Power Systems
Abstract: Neste artigo é proposto o desenvolvimento de um conversor CC-CC em cascata com um conversor CC-CA, com o objetivo de elaborar um sistema CC-CA isolado. Assim, foi desenvolvido um conversor CC-CC Boost ponte completa com transformador isolador conectado a um conversor CC-CA a partir da topologia de um conversor meia ponte. Um protótipo de laboratório operacional de 3000 W foi construído e testado em bancada.

Keywords: Power Electronics, Power Systems, Smart Grids
Abstract: Resumo— Os conversores modulares multiníveis têm várias aplicações em sistemas elétricos de potência e são formados pela associação série de vários conversores do tipo fonte de tensão por fase do sistema trifásico. Este artigo mostra o desenvolvimento da arquitetura do sistema de comunicação e controle de uma plataforma experimental para fins acadêmicos. Esta plataforma possui oito submódulos de potência (inversores ponte completa) por fase, totalizando vinte e quatro submódulos. O levantamento bibliográfico mostra que existem diversas possibilidades para o sistema de comunicação e controle, sendo que a escolha por uma estrutura distribuída radial centralizada é mostrada. A divisão das tarefas de processamento entre um processador digital de sinais, uma lógica programável e um microcontrolador é explorada. Além disso, apresentam-se alternativas para a camada física e protocolos de comunicação. As etapas de implementação do sistema são mostradas. Formas de onda são obtidas com o protótipo preliminar do enlace de comunicação. Finalmente, os resultados experimentais são usados para validação da arquitetura proposta.

Keywords: Power Electronics, Power Systems, Industry Applications
Abstract: In the context of power electronics, the strategies of topologies for static power converters for direct current energy sources have been used and studied. It is desirable to obtain converters with controlled output voltages and low levels of input current ripple. Several topologies are consecrated in the literature as boost, buck-boost. However, these topologies have shortcomings for applications where it is desired to decrease harmonic content and lower input current ripple and limited switching frequency. Therefore, the interleaved boost converter was developed, which improves the performance of energy conversion in terms of efficiency, smaller passive component size, lower electromagnetic conduction and less current ripple. The mathematical model of this topology presents two distinct modes of operation, one for duty cycles smaller than 0.5 and one for greater than 0.5. The modeling of these converters found in the literature does not clarify this point, leaving to the readers conceptual doubts. Therefore, this article presents the modeling of the dc/dc boost converter using the average model technique in state equations for both ranges of duty cycles.

Keywords: Renewable Energy, Power Electronics
Abstract: This paper presents a system to reduce the consumption of energy from the grid using photovoltaic energy, based on the double conversion UPS. In the proposed system, photovoltaic energy is injected into the DC bus of the UPS using a classic DC-DC Boost converter. To control the energy flow of photovoltaic panels to the DC bus, the Average Current Mode Control (ACMC) control strategy is applied. For control cited, the current and voltage meshes are designed focusing a non-linear load, which in this case it is the inverter of the UPS. The values of the Boost converter are: input voltage of Vinom = 150 V, output voltage of Vopv = 310 V, and active output power of Popv = 1.25 kW. The output power of the UPS is Soups = 3 kVA considering an active power of Poups = 2.1 kW and an input voltage of Viefnom = 110 V.

Keywords: Power Systems
Abstract: This work presents a performance analysis of non-conventional distance protection algorithm and phase selector in transmissions lines little longer than half-wavelength. Real and ideal transposition were considered for the Bergeron and JMarti line models. Simulations were performed in Alternative Transient Program under phase-to-ground and phase-to-phase solid short circuits. The voltage and current signals were emulated and applied to a commercial relay by a programmable test set. Unconventional algorithms were implemented in MATLAB with the objective of comparing and supporting the results obtained. An appropriate performance of the commercial relay was observed for faults applied up to approximately 514 km from the sending of the transmission line. The unconventional distance protection algorithm implemented showed effectiveness for faults applied up to approximately 1028 km, while the unconventional phase selection algorithm proved to be adequate for faults applied throughout the whole line extension.

Keywords: Power Systems
Abstract: Neste artigo, faz-se uma análise do procedimento para obtenção dos valores da tensão de restabelecimento transitória (TRT) durante a ocorrência de faltas nos sistemas de potência, tensão essa desenvolvida no instante de abertura dos disjuntores; essa é uma das importantes informações necessárias para o correto dimensionamento desse equipamento do sistema. O trabalho tem a finalidade de mostrar a viabilidade da obtenção da TRT através de cálculos numéricos executados no domínio da frequência, o que pode representar uma alternativa ao uso dos programas tradicionais de cálculo de transitórios eletromagnéticos. Como exemplos da aplicação do método foram simulados curtos monofásico e trifásico isolado em uma barra de subestação de uma rede de transmissão de energia elétrica.

Keywords: Power Systems
Abstract: This paper proposes the application of bad data processing techniques to the Fast-Decoupled Generalized State Estimation (FDGSE). Even with the increased dimension of the problem, related to detailed modeling of the network, the adoption of a decoupled methodology allows a reduction in computational time. In addition, such detailing allows an error analysis methodology with the ability to simultaneously process bad data on analog measurements and network topology errors. Results obtained with the IEEE 14 bus extended test system, modeled at the bus-section level, demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Keywords: Power Systems, Renewable Energy, Power Quality
Abstract: Este artigo combina equações de espaço de estado com matrizes função de transferência para realizar a análise da influência do Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) sobre a estabilidade de conversores trifásicos conectados à rede elétrica. O problema da análise da estabilidade, representada em equações de espaço de estados em eixos síncronos dq0 com a tensão de background, é dividido em duas partes: primeiro, obtém-se o modelo para o conversor conectado à uma rede ideal e, depois, obtém-se o modelo da rede. Realizou-se a linearização por pequenos sinais do sistema. Por fim, a interconexão entre os dois modelos foi realizada em matrizes função de transferência e representado na forma de digrama de blocos. A análise da estabilidade do sistema se dá pela utilização do Critério Generalizado de Nyquist (GNC) sobre o modelo obtido em matrizes função de transferência, onde estão incluídos o PLL e o controle de corrente da rede e tensão do barramento CC. Assim podese inferir sobre a influência do sistema de sincronismo na estabilidade de conversores conectados à rede. Resultados de simulação no domínio do tempo são obtidos através de um Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL), apresentando uma boa correlação com a análise matemática no domínio da frequência.

Keywords: Power Systems, Power Quality, Industry Applications
Abstract: Os controladores automáticos de potência reativa ou fator de potência (var/fp) aparecem nas especificações de usinas de energia elétrica empregadas no contexto de geração distribuída. Alguns estudos reforçam, por sua vez, que a utilização destes controladores em geradores síncronos distribuídos (GSDs) pode levar a problemas de qualidade de tensão e de amortecimento de oscilações associadas aos modos eletromecânicos. Segue, portanto, como possível alternativa para minimizar os efeitos adversos de tais modos oscilatórios em situações operativas envolvendo o uso destes controladores, o projeto conjunto das malhas de controle de var/fp e de controle suplementar de amortecimento, também chamado do estabilizador de sistemas de potência (ESP). Neste contexto, este artigo apresenta uma metodologia de sintonia de ESP e de controlador do tipo var/fp para GSDs, sendo esta baseada na otimização de índices de desempenho dinâmico e em regime permanente baseados em alocação de autoestrutura. Busca-se, de um modo geral, o aumento do amortecimento dos modos oscilatórios eletromecânicos, redução do erro em regime permanente do fator de potência (ou potência reativa) e minimização da energia das oscilações de velocidade angular e de tensão de campo. A sintonia dos controladores é feita de maneira simultânea, evitando assim interações adversas entre eles. A metodologia é aplicada para o projeto das malhas de controle de um GSD operando em uma rede de distribuição de 33 kV com 6 barras. A avaliação do desempenho dos controladores é feita por meio de análise modal e por simulações não-lineares para diferentes condições operativas. Os resultados mostram que as taxas de amortecimento dos modos oscilatórios apresentam valores satisfatórios, além de reduzir os picos de tensão de campo da máquina

Keywords: Power Systems
Abstract: A curva cota-preço modela a relação entre a cota de potência despachada em um leilão de energia por uma companhia geradora do tipo price maker e o preço de equilíbrio de mercado associado. Atualmente a obtenção das curvas cota-preço é realizada por meio de uma abordagem que envolve a subtração das curvas de geração e demanda agregadas. Neste trabalho propõe-se uma nova abordagem para a obtenção das curvas cota-preço, por meio de um método que envolve simulações de procedimentos de equilíbrio de mercado. Tais abordagens são comparadas utilizando-se as curvas cota-preço como informações de entrada em modelos de autoprodução.

Keywords: Electrical Machines and Drives, Power Electronics, Industry Applications
Abstract: Brushless direct current (BLDC) motors are permanent magnet machines that develop trapezoidal phase back electromotive forces (back-EMFs). The interaction of back-EMFs and stator currents compose the main torque source in permanent magnet motors and most of the current waveforms considered in the literature to supply the BLDC do not exploit the full potential of the back-EMF harmonics to produce smooth torque with high efficiency. In this Part I paper, the instantaneous power theory in stationary space is applied to deduce the stator current waveshape, called 3D petal-wave current, able to produce smooth torque with full interaction with back-EMF harmonic content. Also, a comparative analysis is carried out to elucidate its superiority in relation to other possible current supply strategies. Among the benefits, the 3D petal-wave current stands out for its reduction in the copper power loss in about 13% compared to the conventional square-wave current supply strategy.

Keywords: Electrical Machines and Drives, Power Electronics, Industry Applications
Abstract: This Part II paper presents a three-phase four-leg inverter based Brushless direct current (BLDC) drive able to extract smooth torque with the contribution of most of the back-EMF harmonic components, through the injection of the 3D petal-wave current. The proposed system allows the reduction of power loss in stator winding at the same time it does not degrades the dynamic performance. To deal with the harmonic current injections, it is implemented a current control loop based on the finite control-set model based predictive control strategy (FCS-MPC). The presented control loop uses the discrete nature of the four-leg inverter to generate the appropriate switching states according to the online optimization of a cost function. The proposed high efficiency drive offers excellent reference tracking with no gain design effort in the inner current control loop while producing smooth mutual torque. The feasibility of the proposed strategy is verified by simulation results.

Keywords: Electrical Machines and Drives, Industry Applications, Renewable Energy
Abstract: In the last four decades, several approaches of sensorless drives for induction machines (SDIM) have been proposed. This paper presents an evaluation and improvement of conventional and high performance techniques for rotor speed estimation. The proposed SDIM uses indirect field oriented control (IFOC), which is composed of proportionalintegral type (PI) controllers. The speed estimation techniquesanalyzed are Rotor Flux MRAS, Back EMF MRAS, and Instantaneous Reactive Power MRAS, PLL and Sliding Mode. This paper also shows improvements at structure of sliding mode estimator. The techniques are evaluated using numerical and experimental results. The setup applied a F28069 DSP for experimental implementation of the control scheme and the speed estimation techniques. The performance verification considered a wide speed range and load changes. Results demonstrates the feasibility of replacing mechanical sensors by analyzed estimation techniques.

Keywords: Electrical Machines and Drives, Power Electronics
Abstract: Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control appears as a powerful tool for the control of power electronic converters, allowing fast dynamics without the use of voltage modulators. However, converters with many switching possibilities and control goals increase the computational burden and the cost function complexity. This paper proposes a dual Predictive Current Control (PCC-D) for the Nine-Switch Converter (NSC), which decouples the induction generator control from the grid control. Two controllers act alternately and independently. Simulation results show that the PCC-D provided a better grid voltage and current distortion, when compared to the one-vector approach. The main contribution relies on an enumeration of lesser vectors, reducing the computational burden of PCC. Therefore, PCC-D appears as a suitable alternative for NSC control and its application to power generation with variable speed generators.

Keywords: Renewable Energy, Electrical Machines and Drives, Power Electronics
Abstract: This paper presents a sensorless rotor position detection method, that uses a stator flux estimation based on a parallel observer. A closed-loop rotor speed estimation from the rotor position is also proposed. The operating principles of the Doubly-Fed Induction Generators (DFIG) based on wind generation systems and the field oriented control strategy are discussed. Finally, experimental results are presented, showing transient responses for a 0.56 kW DFIG operating at unity power factor. The proposed method has excellent performance even near synchronous speed, without using any initial rotor position information.

Keywords: Electrical Machines and Drives
Abstract: This work investigates the influence of the main vector control strategies for torque control and their assessed phase current on electromagnetic saturation and their effects on torque, torque ripple, on-load back-emf, on-load cogging torque, reluctance torque, self and mutual inductance of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines. The Vector Control Strategies for torque control under investigation are the torque free ripple strategy based on Alpha-Beta, DQ axis control strategy and Extended DQ (also known as DQx) axis control strategy. All the simulations are carried out with the aid of FEM and Frozen Permeability Method in order to properly segregate each machine’s parameter. Next, an analysis of each parameter is made accounting for their contribution in the electromagnetic torque. An impressive result is noticed as the direct and quadrature axis change whereas the electric load increases and the existence of reluctance torque even if d axis current is zero.

Keywords: Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence
Abstract: Deep Learning is part of a broader family of machine learning methods based on learning data representations that is being widely deployed in autonomous vehicles with the purpose to identify and recognize objects on the environment in surroundings. There are several methods and strategies which allow the workflow of training and validation to a specific case to recognize objects. Moreover, how is the right way to apply deep learning in a case of for instance to recognize signals, pedestrian, cars and so on? We show a whole workflow that demonstrate how to make the correct deployment of the deep learning since the dataset definition, training, validation, calibration and performance analysis. This way, we hope to provide some important aspects that should be relevant in the deep learning process. An example of the traffic signal recognition is conducted and the results present effectivness and satisfactory performance for the trained network.

Keywords: Industry Applications, Automation and Process Control, Electrical Machines and Drives
Abstract: Diesel engines are used in a wide range of industrial applications, from power generators to mechanical engines. Detecting incipient faults is very important for safety and cost reduction in any of these applications. In this paper, the pressure and temperature of cooling water and the engine speed are used to detect faults in the water cooling system. Statistical features of these signals are used for training KNN and artificial neural networks classifiers to detect and diagnose faults. Data collected from a real engine operating in all possible speeds was used for training the classifiers using cross validation techniques. Some parameters of the classifiers were selected evaluating their effect on classifiers' performance. Data from normal operation and from two faults of very small magnitude was introduced and performance was compared using average mean square error and the classification errors in the confusion matrix. Both methods presented a high and similar performance. The online application shows that the method can be readily applied to a real engine with small detecting times.

Keywords: Industry Applications
Abstract: Most of the time, the human brain is processing information to react according to the stimuli received by the sensory nervous system. The mental fatigue is a state of drowsiness and low attention that increases the reaction time of an individual. In the traffic, the short reaction time is crucial to avoid accidents, what means that mental fatigue is a risk factor for drivers, especially when driving through highways in which higher speeds are allowed. This work describes a method to classify EEG (Electroencephalogram) signals in drowsiness by using Artificial Neural Networks, in which its weights were optimized by Genetic Algorithms. The input parameters were calculated for groups of 256 samples (1 second window) from AF7 channel of a Muse portable EEG headset. The application of the proposed method resulted in 13.42% of classification error (confusion), 14.49% of mean squared error, 85.21% of sensitivity and 87.95% of specificity.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Internet of Things
Abstract: Technologies to support the development of smarter energy systems and increase the opportunities for home energy management have increased in recent years. Through the addition of sensing, communication and drive components, devices and home appliances become increasingly "smart" so that they can communicate with each other, transmit data to end users and facilitate remote operation and automation, for example during periods of peak demand. This has the potential to provide energy-related benefits to end-users and network operators. One of the key benefits of intelligent techniques is the potential to support power reductions and demand side management. Within this context, this work aims to propose a system architecture for recommend suggestions to smart homes inhabitants (according to different user profiles), aiming cost reduction and energy efficiency. The work also includes the implementation of a RESTFul mining web service, which is part of the proposed architecture. The web service is used to release data mining, classifying data over the proposed recommender system. Through the data model transmission known as JSON (JavaScript Object Notation), the web service receives data and automatically convert to JSON Instances structures, processing the same with the data mining algorithms.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Automation and Process Control, Robotics and Mechatronics
Abstract: This article makes application of the elephant herding optimization algorithm in the identification process of a real multivariable system. The capability of solving global optimization problems of the algorithm is evaluated with a sequence of 100 simulations. In the simulations are obtained values of the multiple correlation coefficient and mean square error that are used to evaluate the mathematical models. The performance of the elephant herding optimization algorithm is compared with others swarm-based metaheuristics founded in literature. The results show that the elephant herding optimization algorithm is better than most of other algorithms used in identification process. The elephant herding optimization algorithm can be an effective method in obtaining of mathematical models that represent the behavior of real multivariable systems.

Keywords: Electrical Machines and Drives, Automation and Process Control, Industry Applications
Abstract: This work proposes a comparative study between some machine learning techniques and pre-processing methods to detect broken rotor bars in squirrel cage induction motors running at low slip conditions. It has been used a current transformer to collect the electrical current data from the stator of the machine. This paper addressed a common drawback in diagnosis of BRB; when motors run at low slip, i.e., with no-load or low load. Three pre-processing approaches have been used in this work, such as the Fast Fourier Transform, Hilbert Transformation and some statistical data extracted from stator current. The features obtained from these techniques were applied to training and validating three machine learning models, such as Support Vector Machine, k-Nearest Neighbor and Logistic Regression. The efficiency of this approach was evaluated and tested experimentally from a 7,5-kW induction motor running at low slip using a variable speed drive.

Keywords: Electrical Machines and Drives, Industry Applications, Power Electronics
Abstract: This paper intends to assess multilevel modulation techniques for a five-level type G NPC based inverter in the pursuit of both a high efficiency converter operation and high standards of its output voltage and current. In this case it is performed an study through a comparative analysis of different concepts of multilevel pulse width modulators which consist of the classical Phase Disposition Modulator and the Selective Harmonic Elimination strategy. In first case, a brief discussion of a more adequate implementation of this traditional technique it is presented. Then the concepts involving the design of Selective Harmonic Elimination is developed in the text along with other modulator and converter issues. By means of the simulation tests the analysis of modulator performance will be established. The results support all the discussion above.

Keywords: Power Electronics, Renewable Energy, Smart Grids
Abstract: This paper presents a multi-port, single-phase isolated converter applied to residential microgeneration, employing one ac port and multiple dc ones. The proposed system consists of solar photovoltaic (PV) modules, a battery bank, and two full-bridge converters working as a single integrated structure. A strategy is also proposed aiming at improved utilization of the ac utility grid through the power flow control between the electronic converter ports, which is performed according to some system parameters such as power levels generated by the PV modules and weather conditions. In order to achieve high power processing capability with low losses at high frequency, three-state switching cells and interleaved converters are employed. The main characteristics and operating stages regarding the system are introduced. simulation results are presented to validate the control strategy, while the rms ac voltage is 220 V (60 Hz) and the voltages across the dc are 400 V, 96 V and 48 V, considering that the switching frequency is 50 kHz and the rated power is 1500 W.

Keywords: Power Electronics, Renewable Energy
Abstract: The use of small wind turbines for distributed generation has increased due to the pursuit of renewable and clean energy systems. Small wind turbines usually have low output voltage, therefore a conversion system is necessary to increase the voltage value in order to deliver the harvested energy to the commercial grid. This paper proposes a modular three-phase hybrid boost rectifier topology as the input stage for a wind energy conversion system (WECS). The proposed rectifier is a three-phase variation of the hybrid boost rectifier, which uses a ladder switched-capacitor cell to multiply its output voltage gain by an integer conversion ratio. The system is supplied by a small wind turbine with an open-end winding permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), thus the use of a modular topology is possible and the converter can control the phase currents individually. The system is controlled by a maximum power point tracker (MPPT) that generates a peak current reference for the rectifier, which controls the input current of each phase to obtain a unity power factor. The output dc-link voltage is controlled by an inverter that delivers the extracted energy to the grid. An averaged equivalent circuit is proposed to improve simulation time and to obtain reduced order transfer functions. Theoretical analysis and simulations of a system with three-phase 84 V input, 220 V output phase voltages and 6.5 kVA rated power are presented.

Keywords: Power Electronics
Abstract: This work evaluates and compares electrical and thermal behavior of magnetic material technologies applied to power inductors. The objective is to identify materials that have the highest volumetric power density and efficiency. The nonidealities caused by variations in magnetic permeability increase design complexity, and knowing the thermal, electrical and magnetic relations in project parameters is essential. Inductor designs for MPP, HF, Sendust, Kool Mu MAX and P ferrite materials are evaluated and compared over a span of operating points (frequency and current ripple). Results present the relationship between volume, current density, copper losses and core losses, pointing the specific ranges each material is recommended at. Design procedure is described, and discussions relate performance to cost.

Keywords: Power Electronics, Smart Grids, Renewable Energy
Abstract: An AC-AC Hybrid Switched Capacitor Series Resonant Converter is proposed in this paper, which is the result of the integration of a switched capacitor ladder cell with the H-bridge series resonant converter working at high frequency. Front-end (AC-DC) and back-end (DC-AC) active converters operating at the line frequency are also part of the proposed architecture. The ladder structure reduces the switches voltage stresses to one half of the input voltage, and the series resonant converter provides soft switching for all switches of the converter. The proposed power converter architecture is intended to be used as the building block of a high voltage solid state transformer with high frequency magnetic link isolation. Qualitative and design oriented quantitative analysis, along with design methodology are presented. Simulations results for a design example with a rated power of 2 kW, 2 kV input peak voltage and 311 V output peak voltage are shown, that validate the theoretical analysis presented in the manuscript.

Keywords: Power Electronics, Renewable Energy
Abstract: This paper presents a new transformerless photovoltaic inverter to be connected to the grid which consists basically on four power transistors and a main inductor. The study was performed using a continuous voltage source and a resistive load with capacitive filter at the inverter output. The topology is designed to suppress the potential difference between: the negative pole of the photovoltaic module; the common node (reference zero) of the inverter circuit; and the output terminal connected to the neutral of the electrical grid. This prevents leakage current through the parasitic capacitor of the photovoltaic modules, caused by high frequency common mode voltage, originated from the switching process. The steady state equations for the new inverter were developed and validated.

Keywords: Industry Applications
Abstract: In the steelmaking process by conversion of pig iron into an LD converter, it is necessary to inject oxygen through a metal lance. During this process, part of the slag accumulates in the body of the lance, forming the so-called skull. The presence of this skull on the copper nozzle of the lance or on its body is critical, because in the stage of its own use, there will be a heating and possible fusion of the skull, helping to make the fusion of the copper possible, causing in crevices where the water would flow into the converter, thus increasing the risk of explosion. The skull on the surface of the lance can also create a layer of enough volume to prevent the movement of the lance through the flanges located on the converters. Such occurrence and practice of removal impair operator safety, the environment and productivity. In this project, a system for measuring the thickness of the oxygen lance skull of LD converters by computational vision was developed, then the actions related to the maintenance of the lance can be taken in a timely manner, thus avoiding possible problems.

Keywords: Industry Applications, Automation and Process Control
Abstract: The current scenario of the automotive industry requires the continuous improvement of powertrain projects, with market demands increasingly rigorous that look towards the maximum reduction of fuel consumption without losses related to the vehicle performance. The purpose of this study is modeling and simulating a 4WD vehicle with automatic transmission subjected to an American urban cycle (FTP-72 driving cycle), where the commanded speed curves were approximated to the desired speed curves through a controller subsystem created with the use of a graphic programming language tool called Simscape Driveline™, in MATLAB®/Simulink® environment. The main model aimed to analyze the improvements generated in the conflicting fuel consumption x performance tradeoff.

Keywords: Industry Applications, Industry 4.0, Automation and Process Control
Abstract: The new revolution that the global industry is facing opens up opportunities not only for cutting-edge processes but also for many activities that are even devoid of solutions that make up the technological trail for smarter manufacturing. Visual computing has played an essential role in many ways when it comes to technology applied to the means of development and production. This work presents a systemic approach of an automated vision system used to an everyday activity in industrial facilities, which could significantly impact production costs.

Keywords: Industry Applications
Abstract: The steel production is divided into a series of steps. One of these steps is the transformation of pig iron into steel and the most widely used method in the world for this is through blowing of oxygen using the so-called LD converters. The reactions that provide such a transformation produce a foam inside the converter. Although it is fundamental to the process, the foam can overflow the top of the converter, an event called slopping, causing serious problems such as loss of efficiency of the process, damage to the equipment, risk to employees and environmental pollution. The detection and control of such event is crucial. The current work presents a method for slopping detection using sound and image processing, based on previous works. Sound and video data from 67 heats were collected at a steel mill and the results of the detection system were obtained.

Keywords: Industry Applications, Automation and Process Control
Abstract: Electric motors are subjected to many different quality control tests during their manufacture. Some of these tests are typically performed by human operators. It is well known in the literature that these operators are not reliable for repetitive inspections due to factors such as subjectivity and fatigue. Vision systems come as an alternative to perform visual tests for quality control. The authors have already proposed a vision system based on edge-detection tools to identify defects in electric motors characterized by one or more coil segments of the winding that are not properly fastened to the other coils and are placed in the projection of the orifice where the rotor is inserted. In this paper, a comparison between an improved version of this first algorithm and a convolutional neural network is done. Data augmentation is used to enhance the image data set, improving the reliability of network training. This dataset was also extrapolated to emulate the results of a manufacturing line. For a test dataset, neural networks presented better results than the edge detection algorithm, but their performance was similar for extrapolated images. For large production volumes, it is recommended the use of neural networks with proper training, but for small datasets the edge detection algorithm with proper parametrization is still the best choice.

Keywords: Renewable Energy, Power Electronics, Industry Applications
Abstract: This work discusses the main design issues for small size inverters (implemented as micro and mini inverters) as an alternative approach to the central inverter targeted for small to medium size photovoltaic (PV) applications. Topological and architectural aspects besides the cost are discussed based on the current markets and manufacturers products. With the natural technology advancement, including newer semiconductor switches and smart power integrated circuits (ICs), a compromise between the topology and cost will define how new products will become more competitive, as a single or a multiple module micro inverter. This scenario gives to its advantages yet in comparison with central approach, considering technical/cost gap reduction due to this technology advancement. Modern electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), robustness and lightning tradeoffs that always have heavy impact on development, as well as newer Internet of Things (IoT) implementation needs are discussed also in order to stabilize a development road map to near future.

Keywords: Automation and Process Control, Robotics and Mechatronics, Industry 4.0
Abstract: The Profibus communication network is widely employed in an industrial environment. For many of reasons, mainly financial, purchasing equipment to provide a real Profibus network to facilitate learning or simulate failures becomes extremely difficult. Faced with these issues, many professionals do not have the appropriate knowledge to deal with failures and it contributes to decrease the protocol performance. In this sense, this work presents a proposal of a free software which simulates Profibus DP networks to provide a way to learn about the behavior of this protocol.

Keywords: Automation and Process Control, Industry Applications
Abstract: Advances in industrial processes required control loops with greater integration and precision, resulting in the creation of advanced control techniques and, among them, the ones based on state space. Nevertheless, the majority of the world industry still uses classical techniques even in essentially multivariable processes. This work aims the application of modern and classic control techniques in a scale industrial plant, trying to analyze the benefits from migration to advanced control techniques and show how complex it can be. It is proposed here, the utilization of techniques such as PID, LQR and states observer, as well as the implementation of the control using OPC and Python in Festo MPS-PA scale industrial plant.

Keywords: Robotics and Mechatronics, Industry Applications, Automation and Process Control
Abstract: This research proposes the active vibration control in a beam of composite material using electromagnetic actuators. The used control theory was the robust control, specifically the linear quadratic regulator solved by linear matrix inequalities that proposes the possibility of optimization of physical quantity by means the adoption of a performance index. The electromagnetic actuator is characterized by a nonlinear behavior. The advantage of this actuator is that applies control force without mechanical contact. From simulations, the results of the frequency response function in the first two modes were attenuated, demonstrating the efficiency of the technique proposed in the active control of vibrations in a beam of composite material.

Keywords: Electrical Machines and Drives, Automation and Process Control
Abstract: Shape memory alloy (SMA) wires have extensive use in many areas of the industry nowadays and its development continues reaching new applications as studies progress. This paper proposes a SMA measurement device that uses affordable components, such as the Arduino micro-controller and a LabVIEW programming language interface. With an antagonistic mechanism design, data on temperature, strain and stress is acquired to confirm the measuring capabilities of the full equipped instrument, rendering visualizations of phase transformations and opening way for further development in control and detailed acquisition of shape memory alloy wire properties.

Keywords: Automation and Process Control, Electrical Vehicle and Energy Storage, Renewable Energy
Abstract: This work deals with the development and simulation of a residential electrical energy management analysis tool that integrates photovoltaic generation and an energy storage system based on batteries. This tool provides reliable information that allows the residential consumer to choose which type of distributed generation system configuration to use depending on the tariff adopted. The choice of configuration directly implies in a greater reduction of the electricity bill and, consequently, greater financial savings. In addition, in order to decrease the amount of energy bought, an algorithm was developed to assist in decision-making, involving the appropriate moments of loading and unloading the batteries. Furthermore, the algorithm manages when to purchase or sale energy to the concessionaire in order to obtain lower costs with energy at the end of the month. Several case studies are defined, taking into account different configurations of equipment, which involves photovoltaic panels and bank of batteries.

Keywords: Automation and Process Control, Power Electronics
Abstract: Shape Memory Alloy based actuators have been used in a wide variety of applications along the past decades. In fact, due to their good force to mass ratio, along with their shape recovery capability, even after being subjected to relatively high mechanical stresses, this kind of material has been employed in applications that range from biomedical engineering to robotic joints, and they are always associated with smooth and quiet displacements. Besides, when it comes to linear displacements actuation, shape memory alloy actuators surpass even conventional electrical machines in many aspects. However, one major drawback appears when dealing with such class of actuators: accurate position control of mechanical systems actuated by shape memory alloys is non-trivial, due mainly to the non-linearities associated with the actuator`s phase transition model, which presents a hysteric behavior with respect to its temperature, and the variance of the thermal parameters with respect to time and temperature. In this context, a model independent control approach is proposed in this paper for controlling the deformation of a cantilever beam actuated by a shape memory alloy wire. This control technique relies on an on-line tunned PID controller based on Fuzzy logic developed around a classical Ziegler-Nichols tunned PID controller. At the end, the hybrid Fuzzy-PID controller is compared with the conventional PID controllers previously implemented.

Keywords: Power Systems, Automation and Process Control, Power Quality
Abstract: O monitoramento não invasivo de cargas elétricas em uma rede consumidora vem se tornando um sólido tema de pesquisa nas últimas décadas. Diversos pesquisadores vêm desenvolvendo arcabouços teóricos e diferentes técnicas, buscando meios para desagregar assinaturas de potências das mais diferentes cargas. Assim, seria possível determinar o consumo individual de uma carga, num cenário em que as assinaturas de potência de diversas cargas não lineares estão misturadas.Neste contexto, este trabalho tem como objetivo comparar os métodos de detecção de eventos mais utilizados na literatura, focando sua aplicação como uma etapa de um processo de desagregação de cargas, a partir de suas assinaturas de potências. Para tanto, as técnicas de detecção de eventos, como transformada Wavelet, filtro de Kalman e detecção via regime permanente serão aplicadas a um conjunto de cargas preestabelecidas dentro de uma base de dados aberta, COOLL, com e sem limiar adaptativo, e suas taxas de acerto serão comparadas na identificação dos instantes de comutação de carga. A detecção de eventos é necessária num processo de desagregação de cargas para reduzir o custo computacional do processo de classificação. A partir dos experimentos realizados pôde-se constatar que a utilização de limiares adaptativos, ao processo de detecção, mostrou-se mais relevante do que a técnica de detecção em si.

Keywords: Power Quality, Power Electronics, Smart Grids
Abstract: O objetivo principal deste trabalho é apresentar uma nova aplicação do SVC (Static var Compensator), ou Compensador Estático de Reativos, em baixa tensão para compensação de potência reativa em um determinado ponto de acoplamento comum (PAC) visando o aumento da qualidade de energia compensando o fator de potência no ponto de conexão entre o alimentador e a rede com geração distribuída de energia. Os resultados foram obtidos através das simulações no software Matlab Simulink, e a Teoria da Potência Conservativa (TPC) é a metodologia utilizada para definição das grandezas elétricas e fatores de conformidade. Para o estudo foi utilizada uma rede de baixa tensão trifásica a 4 fios, equilibrada, com impedância de linha, gerador distribuído trifásico de 5kW e carga trifásica com 7,5 kVA. Os capacitores foram divididos em 6 bancos e o valor do indutor do SVC calculado para compensar a quantidade de energia reativa correspondente a um banco. A compensação do fator de potência ocorreu de maneira satisfatória, resultando em valores dentro da faixa estabelecida por norma.

Keywords: Power Quality, Power Electronics, Renewable Energy
Abstract: O objetivo principal deste artigo é apresentar os termos básicos da Teoria da Potência Conservativa (CPT) e sua aplicação para compensar oscilações da potência instantânea em sistemas trifásicos a três condutores. Os sinais de referência para o filtro ativo de potência são derivados das características da potência instantânea e da energia reativa instantânea definidas pela CPT, sendo que as componentes oscilantes de potência são definidas diretamente no sistema de coordenadas a-b-c. A estratégia de compensação proposta é avaliada através de simulações computacionais baseando-se em um sistema de potência prático, e os resultados apresentados visam indicar as particularidades e viabilidade da proposta.

Keywords: Power Systems, Industry Applications
Abstract: The present paper evaluates the influence of the grounding systems conditions associated to the presence of arresters in the overvoltages coming from atmospheric surges in electrical distribution grids. The analysis considers the transient behavior of the electrical system, based on computational simulations carried out with the support of the ATP (Alternative Transient Program) software. This paper deals with a critical issue in the area of electrical power systems, related to the consequences of deficiencies in the grounding system to the operation of electrical grid. Detailed models of the main components from power system that interact in this process are presented, demonstrating through transient computational simulations, that the improvement of the ground conditions allows a better protection of the equipment in terms of insulation coordination.

Keywords: Renewable Energy, Electrical Machines and Drives, Power Electronics
Abstract: This paper aims to study the effects of the application of

balanced and unbalanced voltage sags in the control applied to a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) installed in an electric grid with solar photovoltaic generation. Using the PSCadtool, simulations were carried out looking at the voltages, power at some points of the system and mainly the controlled currents of the generator in the face of the voltage sags, in order to demonstrate the good performance of the optimal control technique, ratifying the presented proposal

Keywords: Power Systems, Power Quality, Renewable Energy
Abstract: This paper analyses the active frequency drift method with a Neuro-Fuzzy control to detect the islanding phenomenon of a single-phase grid-connected photovoltaic power system according to the IEEE STD 929-2000 and ABNT NBR 62116 standards. The active frequency drift introduces distortion in the power injected into the utility grid increasing or decreasing the frequency of the voltage in an islanded system. Unfortunately, this behavior drops the power quality by this perturbation also. A distortion factor (K) was defined for the Neuro-Fuzzy system to control different levels of distortion injected in the reference current of inverter as the frequency changes occurs. The simulation was developed in MATLAB / Simulink® software and the results validate the advantages of the proposed method in comparison with conventional methods, such as less distortion being injected into the main grid, a better and faster response to detect the islanding than the other ones, and at the same time staying in compliance with both presented standards. This paper proposes a technique that detects islanding situations successfully and avoids injecting too much distortion into the main grid, and it is an excellent way to maintain power quality.

Keywords: Power Electronics, Smart Grids
Abstract: Battery energy storage systems has been used in many applications involving distributed generation and microgrids. Due to the low voltage level of a single battery, the batteries are connected in series as a string. Since the voltage level of an individual battery can suffer overvoltage during the charging/discharging processes, a voltage equalization system must be implemented. In the literature, it is possible of identifying Flyback converter as one of the most selected converters as voltage equalizer. However, the theoretical analysis of the Flyback converter in this application is not profound and then, the design equations are not presented. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the Flyback converter for the voltage equalization of a battery string. It is presented the operating stages, main ideal waveforms, design equations and preliminary experimental results of a Flyback converter operating with 48 V input/output voltage, 100 W rated power, 50 kHz switching frequency for the voltage equalization of four 12 V-battery string.

Keywords: Power Electronics, Power Quality
Abstract: The analysis of single-phase rectifier topologies with split-capacitor output suppling balanced and unbalanced loads is approached in this paper. The split-capacitor output configuration can feed loads either with full voltage or with half-value of full voltage. It also allows the use of dc-dc or dc-ac half-bridge topologies as second stage. Furthermore, rectifiers with a split-capacitor output configuration can be employed to connect ac grids (or renewable ac sources) to bipolar dc-dc grids, which are commonly used in modern microgrids. Some rectifiers, as Boost, SEPIC and Buck-Boost topologies, can supply split-capacitor output and thus they can be employed in these applications. The analysis shows that the rectifier integrated with a switched capacitor cell can equalize both output voltages even under unbalanced load condition when compared with the rectifier with voltage-doubler concept (as Vienna rectifier). This paper analyses the voltage-doubler SEPIC rectifier and SEPIC integrated to a switched capacitor cell, both operating in discontinuous conduction mode. In order to verify the performance of the converters, two prototypes were built for the following specifications: 500 W of rated power, 220 V in input voltage, 400 V in output voltage and 50 kHz at switching frequency.

Keywords: Power Electronics, Power Systems, Industry Applications
Abstract: This paper presents a half-bridge doubler boost rectifier which is used as a pre-regulator for a non-isolated high-frequency UPS. PWM modulation for a bridgeless boost is applied to produce a high-quality, high power factor input current. The connection of the DC bus to a half-bridge inverter was due to the need to keep the input and output terminals in the same reference, through the center point of the DC bus. The proposed system is intent to reduce the problem of noise (electromagnetic type) emission into critical and sensitive loads. The generation of these noises is usually due to the high voltage slopes (dv/dt) between the load terminals and the ground. A DC-DC/AC-DC switched capacitor boost converter connected to a half-bridge inverter by neutral line is proposed. The design procedures are demonstrated. The experimental results were obtained from a 1.5 kW prototype operating at 21.6 kHz. A detailed analysis of the efficiency of the rectifier and the complete system was performed. The complete system has an efficiency of 91.18% under nominal condition.

Keywords: Power Electronics, Renewable Energy, Industry Applications
Abstract: This work addresses a new VSI control strategy based on the One Cycle Control Technique. Comparisons with other control strategies were done to highlight the main features of the proposed control strategy. Simulation and preliminary experimental results are carried out to corroborate the theoretical prediction.

Keywords: Automation and Process Control, Industry Applications, Artificial Intelligence
Abstract: Este trabalho propõe o desenvolvimento de uma interface gráfica de usuário para servir de auxílio à interação deste para a entrada de dados e interpretação de resultados de saída na sintonia de algoritmos PID, utilizando algoritmo evolucionário diferencial (ED). A utilização da interface permite flexibilizar a sintonia de algoritmos PID utilizando o ED, uma vez que será possível a reutilização de diferentes métodos de avaliação do desempenho destes algoritmos por funções indicadoras, escolhidas pelo usuário de forma interativa. Desta forma, será possível utilizar o programa para ressintonizar os ajustes do algoritmo com diferentes parâmetros de entrada definidos pelo usuário e criar diferentes cenários, de acordo com o propósito. Sendo possível através da interface, mudar a função de transferência da planta de forma interativa. O trabalho proposto também contribui para simulações de mudanças no processo e pode ser utilizado para otimização, uma vez que o entendimento do procedimento de execução do algoritmo é exposto de forma clara para o usuário, com fácil interpretação e indicação dos resultados.

Keywords: Automation and Process Control, Electrical Machines and Drives
Abstract: Este trabalho consiste na investigação do desempenho e estabilidade de controladores PID aplicados ao controle de velocidade de um sistema de servoacionamento CA utilizando métodos de controle clássicos. Para a obtenção de um modelo linear, que representasse o comportamento do servomotor, foi utilizada a técnica de identificação de sistemas pelo teste da resposta ao degrau de modo experimental. O projeto dos controladores PID foi desenvolvido por duas técnicas distintas, a primeira por projeto de controladores por Alocação de Polos clássica e, a segunda, por sintonia de controladores de Zigler-Nichols. A análise do desempenho das configurações utilizadas foi feita por meio de simulação computacional no ambiente MATLAB/Simulink, também de modo experimental através da interface homem-máquina presente no sistema de servoacionamento, servoconversor, e, por fim, através de índices de desempenho. Para a avalição da estabilidade do sistema, foi utilizado o método do Diagrama de Nyquist para os dois métodos de controladores desenvolvidos, assim como as respectivas margens de estabilidade.

Keywords: Electrical Machines and Drives, Power Electronics, Power Quality
Abstract: Diante da expansão do emprego de fontes renováveis de energia, particularmente a solar e a eólica, o emprego de conversores de potência na interface com cargas e o sistema elétrico interligado impõe que tais conversores sejam cada vez mais confiáveis. Nesse cenário, conversores dotados sistemas tolerantes a defeitos passam a ter grande importância uma vez que os requisitos de qualidade de fornecimento estão mais exigentes a cada dia. Desta forma, este trabalho apresenta um estudo de viabilidade da aplicação do método de inversão de sistemas lineares invariantes no tempo para a identificação de falhas em conversores CC-CC do tipo boost. Para tal, um conversor tipo boost foi modelado, seu modelo inverso determinado conforme proposta de Sain e Massey e simulações conduzidas de maneira a evidenciar as potencialidades da metodologia proposta. Os resultados mostram-se consistentes e promissores, indicando que a metodologia pode auxiliar na tarefa de identificação de defeitos em sistemas de eletrônica de potência.

Keywords: Industry 4.0, Automation and Process Control, Industry Applications
Abstract: Irrigation is the sector of the economy that consumes the most fresh water in the world. For this reason, the development of a system capable of reducing expenses without damage to the crops where it is implanted becomes indispensable. Thus, this research had as main objective the development of a prototype of hardware capable of performing in an automated way the irrigation of crops in general, previously done manually. The construction of the prototype consists of a hardware based on an Arduino board, connected to a relay and the sensors used, besides a Java interface, able to configure and access the data via serial, to monitor the operation of the system.

Keywords: Automation and Process Control, Industry Applications
Abstract: In this work, the Predictive Controller is applied to control a pH neutralization process. The process was identified in closed loop with the operating point in pH = 7, which was excited with a PRBS signal. The input and output data were collected and the ARX, ARMAX, BJ and OE linear model structures were obtained. The best model was chosen to represent the process and used for the implementation of the predictive controller. The Predictive Controller is compared to the performance of an experimentally tuned PI controller.

Keywords: Automation and Process Control, Industry Applications
Abstract: Segurança é uma prioridade em qualquer sistema de comunicação. Em redes industriais há uma tendência de uso do padrão Ethernet para facilitar a integração dos dados de campo, e Profinet e Modubs TCP/IP são exemplos de uso de Ethernet industrial. Essas redes são o objeto de estudo desse trabalho. Embora existam grandes vantagens, o uso de Ethernet industrial torna a rede suscetível a ataques comuns em redes de computadores, como denial-of-service e man-in-the-middle. Este trabalho mostra como esses ataques podem ser realizados e as técnicas de proteção contra eles, com a preocupação de que tais técnicas sejam aplicáveis em redes industriais. Dentre as técnicas levantadas, a mais adequada é o uso do protocolo de autenticação HB-MP*. As vantagens e limitações são apresentadas, bem como a forma de aplicação.

Keywords: Electrical Machines and Drives
Abstract: O presente trabalho investiga o cálculo do cogging torque em carga nas máquinas síncronas de ímãs permanentes no rotor. Muitos métodos existentes para calcular o cogging torque, sejam eles analíticos ou numéricos, negligenciam a influência da carga, isto é, atribuem a oscilação do torque única e exclusivamente ao cogging torque ou fazem a atribuição incorreta dos efeitos da carga sobre o mesmo. Para conduzir esta investigação, três métodos com relevância no meio científico são analisados quando associados ao Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF) e ao Método da Permeabilidade Fixa (MPF), são eles: o Método dos Tensores de Maxwell, o Método do Trabalho Virtual e o método proposto por W. Q. Chu e Z. Q. Zhu. Dessa forma, as simulações são conduzidas implementando-se o MEF e o MPF com o auxílio do software FEMM (Finite Element Method Magnetics) e em seguida aplicando-se os métodos em análise a fim de verificar a validade de cada um deles em diferentes topologias de rotor, o que ainda não foi feito na literatura especializada, e averiguar qual é o mais apropriado para o cálculo do cogging torque em carga. Embora os três métodos em estudo sejam bem difundidos, o Método do Trabalho Virtual e o método proposto por W. Q. Chu e Z. Q. Zhu são incoerentes com o princípio da conservação de energia, quando implementados com o MEF e o MPF, enquanto que o Método dos Tensores de Maxwell mostra se mais adequado para o cálculo do cogging torque em carga nas máquinas síncronas de ímãs permanentes no rotor.

Keywords: Renewable Energy, Power Electronics, Power Systems
Abstract: Em sistemas fotovoltaicos, os problemas relacionados à perda de eficiência e redução de produtividade, podem ser causados devido à incompatibilidade entre os módulos fotovoltaicos, danos causados nas células, tais como superaquecimento (pontos quentes), além de sombreamento parcial, causado por nuvens, sujeira ou objetos próximos. Neste cenário, este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar um comparativo de produtividade energética de sistemas fotovoltaicos conectados à rede elétrica com o emprego de inversores strings e micro inversores. Foram consideradas diferentes condições de operação e rastreamento do ponto global de máxima potência com sombreamento parcial, e inversores string e micro inversores de diferentes fabricantes. Os resultados obtidos até o momento evidenciam problemas atrelados à eficácia dos algoritmos de rastreamento do ponto de máxima potência global, os quais impactam negativamente na produtividade energética. Por fim é apresentada uma síntese dos resultados obtidos que demonstram a produtividade energética de geradores fotovoltaicos com inversores string e micro inversores, e seus impactos no tempo de retorno do investimento.

Keywords: Industry 4.0, Electrical Machines and Drives, Automation and Process Control
Abstract: This article aims to study the thermal behavior of three-phase induction motors (IMs) subjected to mechanical load variation, in which the development of an automatic system for supervision and monitoring the thermal behavior of these machines is proposed. For this purpose, the built-in temperature detectors method was applied, and it was necessary to develop mechanical braking systems for the application of resistant conjugate capable of simulating loads. Finally, the analysis of the thermal behavior of the IMs under different loading conditions and the estimated useful life is presented. The experiments carried out are in accordance with the Brazilian Standard - Rotating Electric Machines NBR 17094-1 2018. The results obtained are in agreement with the literature and the current norms and they expose the harms of the use of the induction machines used in conditions mechanical loading. The independent thermal acquisition method proved to be accurate and efficient.

Keywords: Electrical Machines and Drives, Electrical Vehicle and Energy Storage, Industry Applications
Abstract: This paper proposes a new asynchronous method to estimate amplitude imbalance in resolver signals. Most compensation techniques in literature are based on synchronous demodulation. However, synchronous demodulation is difficult to achieve with precision and it is sensitive to noise. In the proposed approach, signals proportional the square of the envelopes of the resolver outputs are obtained using band-pass filters and Teager-Kaiser energy operator without needing synchronous demodulation. These signals are used to estimate the amplitude imbalance. Results show the accuracy of the proposed approach.

Keywords: Industry Applications, Automation and Process Control, Robotics and Mechatronics
Abstract: The Pencil Lead Break (PLB) method is used to reproduce an artificial source of acoustic emission. This method consists of breaking a pencil lead which has its size and thickness determined carefully in a certain angle in a surface. This break releases energy in the form of elastic stress waves which propagate through the structure and are captured and converted into electrical signals by a sensor fixed to the workpiece surface. The PLB method is very efficient in the characterization of acoustic emission sensors. In this paper, the effect of temperature variation in the acoustic emission sensor response was investigated through the PLB method and digital signal processing. The results show that in the frequency response not only the temperature but also the analyzed frequency bands are factors that influence the amplitude of the signals. When comparing signals at different temperatures, the magnitude difference in amplitude increases proportionally to the temperature.

Keywords: Internet of Things, Industry 4.0, Big Data in Industry Applications
Abstract: The increase in the capacity to acquire and analyze a mass of data characterized as “big data” is an opportunity to review the paradigms of productive systems. Especially when considering the Industry 4.0 where there is interaction of machines, connecting Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) through the Internet of Things, and it is necessary to explore data generated in this interaction to improve aspects of the production process. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to characterize requirements for the big data systems in Industry 4.0, based on viewpoints, objectives and expectations of stakeholders for its uses.

Keywords: Cybernetic Systems, Internet of Things, Industry 4.0
Abstract: The exchange of information between two or more machines in the industrial process is one of the foundations of the fourth industrial revolution, or Industry 4.0. With Machine to Machine integration the machines will have autonomy to perform actions from the control of other machines, facilitating the manufacture of the products and the exchange of information between the various sectors of the industry. For any project to carry out, the analysis of requirements is the initial and preponderant part for the success of the other stages of implementation. Based on this, it will be defined in this paper all the requirements for Machine to Machine integration within Industry 4.0 using the KAOS (Knowledge Acquisition in Automated Specification) methodology and the UML (Unified Modeling Language).

Keywords: Machine to Machine, Internet of Things, Interoperability, Cyber Physical System , Industry 4.0.

Keywords: Industry 4.0
Abstract: Uma revolução industrial produz impactos sobre toda a sociedade, em especial, ao ensino. Neste trabalho, a quarta revolução é contextualizada no mundo profissional e são analisados seus desdobramentos no mundo da educação, apresentando diretrizes para adaptação do ensino da engenharia.

Keywords: Industry 4.0
Abstract: To attend the increase in the export of minerals due to the growing demand for this product in the foreign market, it is essential that the mining industries develop planning techniques through simulation and optimization. In this work a simulation algorithm was developed using greedy heuristics for the short-term planning of ore piles in port yards in order to reduce the time of storage and to increase the transfer between the mine and the ships. This algorithm is based on the decisions made by the technicians to move the ore at the discharge terminals, the formation of piles in the yard and the recovery to be loaded on the ship. The results obtained will be compared with the decisions made by a mixed integer linear programming model. Computational simulations show the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.

Keywords: Industry Applications, Automation and Process Control
Abstract: Este artigo descreve o desenvolvimento de um método para se determinar critério de aceitação para incerteza de medição de instrumentos instalados em seus respectivos processos de medição de pressão e temperatura, utilizando como referência os aspectos operacionais de uma empresa brasileira do seguimento de transporte de gás natural. Para desenvolvimento deste método foi realizada uma pesquisa para identificar as técnicas existentes relacionadas à avaliação de processos de medição, além de análise crítica sobre a utilização de cada uma destas técnicas. Após a definição do método, foram selecionados 81 resultados de avaliação sobre os processos de medição de uma das instalações da empresa ocorridas entre 2010 e 2018 para se obter os resultados sobre aplicação do novo método. Ao final, é feita uma análise sobre as consequências da aplicação do novo método em termos de custo-benefício.

Keywords: Power Electronics, Automation and Process Control
Abstract: A abordagem tradicionalmente conhecida na literatura para sistemas magneticamente acoplados é utilizada na modelagem de transformadores e outros dispositivos de transmissão de energia há muito tempo. A proposta é, uma vez munido desses métodos, introduzir novas ferramentas computacionais de modelagem, simulação e otimização a fim de melhorar o resultado final da transmissão de energia. Prova-se ao fim deste trabalho que a aplicação de técnicas de elementos finitos na concepção do modelo somada à otimização deste via Algoritmo Genético resulta num modelo final que atende às especificações de projeto.

Keywords: Electrical Machines and Drives
Abstract: O presente trabalho apresenta uma análise do desempenho das máquinas CC com e sem a utilização do interpolo, visto que os efeitos da reação da armadura e de uma comutação incorreta são significativos e devem ser considerados na avaliação de desempenho das mesmas. Tal análise é realizada com base em experimentos práticos realizados no laboratório de máquinas do IFMG – campus Formiga. A avaliação é realizada tanto para os geradores quanto para os motores e, verifica-se que, em ambos casos, o enrolamento de interpolo contribui, significativamente, para a melhora do desempenho da máquina CC. Nos geradores, o interpolo proporciona uma melhora na regulação de tensão. Já, nos motores, a utilização desse mecanismo de compensação proporciona uma redução na variação da velocidade. Além disso, o torque desenvolvido pelos motores após a inserção do interpolo é menor se comparado aos motores sem interpolo, para as mesmas condições de carga. Além dos fatores relacionados ao desempenho da máquina CC, o interpolo contribui para a redução do faiscamento, proporcionando a inserção dessas máquinas em ambientes classificados como perigosos, bem como um aumento da vida útil da mesma.

Keywords: Power Systems
Abstract: This paper analyzes two frequency-dependent transmission lines models. The fist model is based on its nodal admittance matrix. The second uses a similarity transformation to decompose the nodal admittance matrix into two blocks, which represent the open and short-circuit conditions of a folded line equivalent (FLE). The processing times are compared in the stages of model calculation and time simulation, using lines with different lengths. Line energization and open-circuit simulation times are evaluated,with integration steps larger and smaller than the travel time delay of line. In addition, the advantages of the folded line equivalent model are discussed for very short lines. In order to verify the accuracy of the models, the results are compared with the universal line model (ULM).

Keywords: Power Quality, Power Systems
Abstract: Power Transformers are a key element to the transmission and distribution networks. As the world is focusing on energy efficiency, it is necessary to evaluate the losses in the main equipment used in electric system. This way, each country releases their standards or uses an international standard to determine the efficiency requirements. However, due to the different criteria and limits, it becomes a hard work to define whether a given power transformer can be sold or not around the world. With that in mind, this article presents a review about power transformer test standardization and regulation in Latin America, and the energy efficiency politics used by each country. The paper presents a general context of the two main organizations responsible for power transformers standardization. So, it is described the main basis of each standard and the legal terms of the energy efficiency.

Keywords: Power Systems, Smart Grids
Abstract: This short paper proposes a method for systematically identifying which overcurrent relays must be reset when a network switches between parallel and islanded operation. The technique flags overcurrent relays located in branches with no superposition between utility and customer contributions to short-circuit currents. These relays do not need to be readjusted. As a result, fewer devices must be studied in detail to obtain proper selectivity and coordination of overcurrent protection in a network that can operate in both parallel and islanded modes. The method effectiveness is exemplified through a case study in a real industrial system and can be extended to microgrids. No simulation is required.

Keywords: Power Quality, Power Systems, Renewable Energy
Abstract: Electric power generation is demonstrating diversified operational characteristics with electric power systems by aggregating different types of power generation sources, facilitating the integration and reliability of virtual energy for such loads, distribution networks and microgrids, defined as an entity in the energy market through the agent that interacts with the centralized network. When defining the scaling and aggregation parameters of several types of energy generation, we highlight the contribution of the generation of harmonic components in wind and solar sources, among the technical and economic aspects defined in the analysis of the quality of the electric energy to be included in the demand for electricity generation.

Keywords: Power Systems, Power Quality, Renewable Energy
Abstract: Distribution grids with high penetration rate of distributed generation (DG) are often subjected to undesired reverse active power flow scenarios. Depending on the interactions between the DG’s control modes and the feeder’s step voltage regulators (SVRs), abnormal situations such as the phenomenon known as reverse power tap changer runaway condition may occur. This paper investigates the impact of DG on a distribution network with two cascaded SVRs, both operating in bidirectional mode. Tests were performed using two different control modes of the DG: unity power factor control, which is typically employed, and voltage control. The results obtained from time series power flow simulations show the behaviour of the cascaded SVRs and their effects on the feeder voltage profile. Special focus is placed on scenarios where the penetration level of the DG, located at the far end of the feeder, exceeds the total load demand.

Keywords: Power Systems, Power Quality, Renewable Energy
Abstract: Harmônicos, inter e sub-harmônicos têm sido temas de inúmeros trabalhos nos últimos anos. Os efeitos destes tipos de distúrbios podem causar diversos tipos de danos ao sistema elétrico de potência (SEP) como: aquecimento suplementar, erros de medição, interrupções inesperadas, entre outros. A extração e detecção destes distúrbios é essencial para mitigação destes problemas. Por isso, este trabalho propõe a implementação do método Filters Independent Component Analysis (FICA) com adaptações para extração de componentes harmônicos, inter e sub-harmônicos. O método proposto não necessita de parâmetros do sinal para realizar a extração dos componentes, por isso é chamado "cego". Outra vantagem é que o método pode ser aplicado em sinais não estacionários. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o método foi capaz de extrair a componente fundamental na presença de um, dois, três ou quatro distúrbios. Neste trabalho, realizou-se apenas a extração em componentes independentes não realizando a recuperação da amplitude original porém, em trabalhos futuros serão apresentados a recuperação da amplitude do sinal.

Keywords: Power Quality, Renewable Energy
Abstract: Este trabalho apresenta uma análise de distorção harmônica e qualidade de energia elétrica (QEE) em um sistema de geração fotovoltaica conectado a um barramento que alimenta uma carga não linear do tipo VSNL (Voltage Source Non Linear Load). O objetivo é avaliar o fluxo de corrente harmônica e seus impactos no sistema fotovoltaico e na rede elétrica local. Os dados foram coletados, por meio do FLUKE 435, em uma usina solar fotovoltaica, localizada na Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA). A carga possui alta distorção harmônica de corrente extrapolando limites estabelecidos pela norma IEEE 519. Os resultados mostram o aumento da distorção harmônica da tensão do ponto de acoplamento comum (PCC) afeta diretamente os parâmetros de distorção harmônica da geração fotovoltaica. Além disso, é possível observar que toda a corrente harmônica da carga é fornecida pela rede elétrica local.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Big Data in Industry Applications, Machine Learning
Abstract: A pressão de fundo de poço é uma variável de processo importante na operação de poços de petróleo com elevação de gás. O dispositivo instalado para medir esta variável é frequentemente chamado de PDG (Permanent Downhole Gauge). Substituir um PDG defeituoso é, em geral, economicamente inviável devido ao seu local de instalação ser de difícil acesso e geralmente requerer a interrupção de todo o processo produtivo. Utilizando o histórico de operações realizadas em um determinado poço de produção offshore, este artigo descreve o desenvolvimento de um soft-sensor que seja capaz de estimar a pressão de fundo de poço e substituir o sensor PDG de maneira eficaz, com o objetivo de evitar os problemas descritos. Para tanto, serão utilizadas uma rede neural recorrente Long Short-Term Memory e uma rede neural artificial perceptron de múltiplas camadas, cujos resultados serão comparados. O desempenho das redes foi avaliado com base no número de camadas, número de neurônios, algoritmos otimizadores, funções de ativação e quantidade de épocas de treinamento, utilizando apenas 36% do conjunto de dados para treinamento (com base em um comportamento específico da dinâmica da pressão de fundo de poço). Os resultados indicam que a rede neural recorrente é capaz de obter melhores resultados a partir dos parâmetros estabelecidos, obtendo um erro médio de 1,66 kgf/cm² em dados teste, sendo portanto escolhida como soft-sensor para a pressão de fundo de poço.

Keywords: Power Electronics, Industry Applications
Abstract: In this article is carried out the characterization of the electromagnetic interference (EMI) conducted, specifically in a work LED light (WLL) from application in forestry wheeled harvester (FWH), in DC/DC Buck conversion topology operating in continuous current mode. With the characterization of the emissions conducted, the development of an EMI filter is presented for normalization of emission levels in accordance with CISPR 25 Class 5. The results of the time domain analysis are presented demonstrating that the EMI emissions conducted in a WLL can cause sudden failure of the light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and the communication systems FWH. For the solution, the EMI filter is implemented and whose experimental results are satisfactory. It proved effective in suppressing interference in the radio system and voltage levels in the LED, maintaining the luminous intensity of the WLL. The experimental setup for conformity tests has proved to be effective, both in characterization and in filter efficiency tests.

Keywords: Power Systems, Automation and Process Control, Industry Applications
Abstract: Ensaios de tensão residual em para-raios de óxido de Zinco são realizados na maioria dos laboratórios de alta tensão para avaliação da máxima sobretensão em seus terminais quando por ele atravessa uma corrente de descarga. Estes ensaios são necessários para dimensionamento da proteção e coordenação de isolamento. Equipamentos que geram alta tensão são utilizados, e se torna importante verificar o funcionamento deles através de simulações para que não haja problemas em aplicações de tensão, a qual alcança centenas de kV, e não causem avarias nos objetos ensaiados. Este artigo mostra a comparação de ensaios de tensão residual em para-raios de distribuição de 30kV e simulações no software Alternative Transient Program (ATP). Utilizando o gerador de impulsos de corrente do Laboratório de Alta Tensão e o para-raios de distribuição, foram realizadas aplicações de alta tensão para uma corrente de descarga de 5kA no para-raios. Igualmente foi modelado no software o gerador de impulsos, com modelos simplificados mostrado por Whadwa, além de modelado o para-raios, de acordo com as características de altas frequências de Fernandez-Diaz, apenas com os dados de catálogo de fabricantes do gerador e do para-raios. Os resultados mostraram-se satisfatórios quando adicionados valores de indutâncias e capacitâncias intrínsecas, provenientes de conexões e cabos, ao gerador; evidenciando a eficácia da simulação destes ensaios para o auxílio de ensaios de impulso atmosférico em para-raios.

Keywords: Industry Applications, Electrical Machines and Drives, Automation and Process Control
Abstract: Load emulation is an important stage in the development of high performance of control algorithms, which allow experimental tests in controlled environments. This work investigates the validation problem in position control algorithms of electric motors with two coupled motors. Two approaches commonly used in the literature are explored seeking high fidelity in the mechanical dynamic behavior. The first one is the open-loop torque control, which uses a torque reference directly provided by the emulation model, and the second one is a closed loop position control. Simulated and experimental results demonstrate that the exact emulation does not exist for both approaches. Therefore, the research of new control topologies is important/interesting for proper load emulation.

Keywords: Power Systems
Abstract: Distribution transformer losses are typically estimated through simplified approaches. In general, the simplifications are due to the very low monitoring of distribution transformers. In this paper, case studies are performed to obtain the losses of the distribution transformers from the School Electrical and Computing Engineering of the University of Campinas, considering two scenarios: energy provided by two transformers (300 kVA and 500 kVA), and energy provided only by the 500 kVA transformer. Based on the measurements available at the low voltage side of both transformers, two approaches are assessed considering actual measurements and seasonality effects. Based on estimated losses, the economic impacts of using properly sized distribution transformers are discussed as well.

Keywords: Industry Applications, Industry 4.0, Automation and Process Control
Abstract: The Ventricular Assist Device (VAD) is a mechatronic device used as a therapy for advanced heart failure (HF) in patients who are candidates for organ transplantation. Although the most frequent application is still a short-term (transplant bridge) therapy strategy, long-term use (destination therapy) has been increasing because of the increased longevity of the population using these devices. However, according to the INTERMACS report, adverse events are observed that compromise the survival rate of implanted patients, among which we have a defined as a malfunction of the VAD. The occurrence of this event influences the reliability and availability of the device. In this way, the development of resources and techniques to further improve the robustness, availability and reliability of these devices is justified. This prospective work proposes an in vitro tests bench with intelligent behavior, which allows to put the samples of VAD in operation. The tests bench has rotation, vibration, energy, temperature, pressure and flow sensors that are monitored by a computer system. In order to identify malfunctions, standard curves have been developed for the variables being monitored. When a deviation of a variable with respect to its standard curve appears, a fault is characterized. The collection, treatment and monitoring of this failure data is accomplished by the use of Big Data Analytics technology. The method proposed in this work allows the verification and validation of a VAD, based on the behavioral data collected during the tests, through the test protocols and the in vitro tests bench.

Keywords: Industry Applications, Power Systems
Abstract: When a power plant is forced to temporarily cease the generation of electricity, even if for a relatively short period, huge monetary losses and great inconveniences may occur, hence, it must be avoided. To aid in the minimization of inert production time, the power generating equipment of the Araucaria Gas Power Plant must be monitored continuously during service. To satisfy this requirement, a project for the development of real time monitoring system was designed. The system was then developed, aiming at the evaluation of the structural integrity of the equipment during operation. It mainly focuses on the detection of damage mechanisms such as crack nucleation and growth, flow-accelerate corrosion (FAC), and steam leaks. The system was based on the principles of the nondestructive testing (NDT) method of acoustic emission (AE).

Keywords: Power Electronics, Power Quality, Electrical Machines and Drives
Abstract: This work addresses a low-power single-phase to three-phase conversion system. The goal of such system is its simplicity, cost and robustness. Furthermore, the OCC technique and a very simple reference signal generator to drive the three-phase voltage source inverter are integrated to perform the introduced converter. To evaluate the proposed conversion system, simulation results were acquired through low power operation test cases. In sequence, these results were summarized including comments, comparative analysis and conclusions. A preliminary experimental verification was also carried out to verify the feasibility of the proposed conversion system.

Keywords: Power Electronics, Industry Applications
Abstract: In this paper, a power converter based AC subsea power cable emulator for Power Hardware-in-the-Loop applications is introduced. Lumped parameters cable models are compared to Bergeron travelling waves model response and a three-phase coupled T model is derived in discrete time domain. A three-phase back-to-back PWM voltage source converter is modeled and its control system designed in order to emulate the developed cable model. Finally, simulation results verify the modeling and control schemes in transient and steady state situations.

Keywords: Power Systems, Smart Grids, Power Electronics
Abstract: Low-voltage DC power distribution is a promising alternative to supply future commercial buildings, datacenters and all-electric ships. Since those new power distribution networks will need to employ higher voltage levels to cope with increasing electricity consumption, safety becomes an issue to be addressed. Electric shock protection in conventional AC networks is mainly provided through the use of residual current protection devices (RCD), which are able to measure small leakage currents and interrupt the electric circuit when a dangerous level is reached. In DC systems, the same approach can be used, however, the lack of commercial available DC-RCD demands the development of DC based devices and the high cost of current sensors able to be employed in residual current sensing encourages the development of low-cost DC transducers. This paper focuses on a crucial stage of a DC-RCD, the residual DC current sensor, proposing a low-amplitude current sensor based on a closed-loop self-oscillating fluxgate technology. A detailed design procedure is described and an experimental prototype is used to validate it. A sensor with high linearity and 1% accuracy was achieved with a total material cost below USD 5.00.

Keywords: Power Electronics, Smart Grids, Renewable Energy
Abstract: This paper presents a current-fed switched-capacitor 5-Level single-phase inverter and the respective modulation strategy. The power circuit is a full bridge topology composed of two 3-level switched-capacitor cells as legs, where each leg creates an instantaneous average voltage positive or negative, according to the output sinusoidal waveform requirement. The operating principle and the mathematical analysis are presented for continuous conduction mode. The mathematical analysis shows that the proposed topology and modulation promote a natural equalization of voltages on capacitors. Thus, a balance voltage control is not necessary. The resulting frequency to output filter is four times the switching frequency which allows the size reduction of the output filter. Experimental results were obtained from a prototype with an input voltage of 48 V, switching frequency of 10 kHz, and an output voltage of 110 Vrms /50 Hz for a load of 115 W. The experimental results confirm the mathematical analysis regarding natural voltage balance and output filter frequency.

Keywords: Renewable Energy, Power Electronics
Abstract: Photovoltaic generation systems under partial shading conditions are difficult to optimize using conventional maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms. Most of the techniques developed for these conditions, fail to track dynamically the MPP and leads to energy losses during normal operation. This paper presents hybrid MPPT techniques combining global and conventional MPPTs to extract the most available energy from the system under any condition. The methods are compared through simulations using Matlab/ Simulink, where the tracking factor (TF) and power characteristics during time are evaluated.

Keywords: Power Electronics, Renewable Energy, Power Quality
Abstract: This paper demonstrates the application of a DAB converter in a hybrid generation system composed by hydro and PV sources, with battery energy storage. More specifically, the use of the DAB converter has the objective of realizing the MPPT, besides the interface between the DC bus of the DSTATCOM with the PV system and the battery bank. In addition, it is proposed to use the buck-boost converter to carry out the loading and unloading of the battery bank. The purpose of this work is to obtain a reliable system, considering that the proposed converter is galvanically isolated, bidirectional and allows to control the flow of energy between the power supplies. Simulation results are presented aiming to demonstrate the operation of the proposed system.

Keywords: Industry Applications, Automation and Process Control, Artificial Intelligence
Abstract: Este artigo apresenta a implementação de um controlador preditivo DMC SISO para o controle de um ventilador num forno de grelha móvel, em uma usina de pelotização de minério de ferro. Esses ventiladores são importantes para manter a temperatura das pelotas em valores predeterminados. Este processo apresenta múltiplas restrições, entretanto, lógicas difusas foram escolhidas por sua capacidade de se adaptar em diferentes condições operacionais e vem sendo amplamente utilizada para esse fim. Contudo uma nova proposta por controle preditivo DMC surgiu para casos específicos em que a sintonia do controlador difuso (fuzzy) se mostra difícil. A metodologia de controle e resultados práticos serão mostrados no artigo. Espera-se que o controle preditivo reduza a variabilidade da variável de processo a se controlar.

Keywords: Industry Applications, Big Data in Industry Applications, Robotics and Mechatronics
Abstract: The determination of approximation curves and surfaces from a point clouds is an important task in CAD, in particular on reverse engineering. The determination of an approximation curve from a sequence of points is a known subject, however the surface approximation is still an open research field. This work presents a method to determine curves that approximates the boundaries of a point cloud. Initially, the set of points determining the boundary of the point cloud is presented. These sequences are approximated by piecewise cubic Bézier curve segments. A simulated annealing algorithm is used to determine the approximation curve by minimizing the discrepancy between the sequence of points and the piecewise curve. The curve length is used as regularization to avoid the overfitting problem. The results shows that the algorithm determined the curves that approximates the boundary of a point cloud.

Keywords: Industry Applications, Robotics and Mechatronics
Abstract: Acceleration and jerk on a roller coaster circuit are measured at an imaginary curve passing through the heart of passengers. In this paper, Non Uniform Rational B-Splines are used to represent the heart-line path of roller coasters. Frenet Trihedron is used as the main curve framing, and an additional vector called gravity projection is deducted for generating a framework even at heart-line straights segments and inflection points, when curvature vanishes. A methodology for obtaining track and rails centerlines derived from the heart-line curve is proposed. Using this procedural method, track roll angle is fully determined by local curvature and speed of train. Four cases of study are presented: (1) generating track centerline with Frenet frame, (2) generating track centerline with gravity projection, (3) computing track centerline by the composition of Frenet frame and gravity projection and solving continuity-related problems and (4), generating rails centerlines. It is shown that using composite method all accelerations projected laterally on passengers become null and a continuous, smooth non-jerky track layout is obtained.

Keywords: Power Systems, Power Quality, Smart Grids
Abstract: The post-failure impedance estimative method is one of the most used ways to locate faults in distribution systems. However, the presence of the distributed generation can degrade the precision of this kind of procedure. To get superior quality results, one can do the analysis using the electromagnetic transients of current or voltage since they are less affected by the presence of distributed generation. The electromagnetic time reversal method is more used in non-homogeneous environments to emphasize a wave at a point with excellent precision and locate sources that produce perturbations in a specific domain. The basic idea of the electromagnetic time reversal is to use the property of time reversibility of the wave equation. This property allows a reversion in the time domain of the transients, observed in strategic points of the system, to evidence the location of the related electromagnetic energy. This work presents an evaluation of the electromagnetic time reversal method (EMTR) for locating faults in underground distribution networks. This paper revised the time reversal method, and investigate its application in a virtual branched underground distribution system.

Keywords: Robotics and Mechatronics, Industry Applications, Automation and Process Control
Abstract: Piezoelectric motors have been considered successors of electromagnetic motors in areas such as robot joints, high precision machines, micro robots, and MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems). The main interest in this work is the investigation of an XY flextensional positioner adapted for future applications as a rotary piezoelectric motor. To perform this task, the mechanical deformation analysis of the actuator structure was evaluated using finite element software. The results obtained with these simulations were validated using an optical phase detection technique using laser interferometry. Information regarding the linearity between applied voltage and generated displacement, hysteresis, frequency response of displacement and mechanical resonances of the actuator were measured between 0 and 3500 Hz. Simulation and experimental results have brought to light many technical issues that will lead to further investigations, helping the improvement the system in future works.

Keywords: Smart Grids, Additive Manufaturing, Power Quality
Abstract: Electric power systems, especially after the advent of smart grids, require intelligent voltage and current meters devoted to energy billing, control, protection and quality monitoring. Novel Optical Voltage Sensors (OVS) schemes have been researched to address different electricity industrial applications. In this work, a case insulator bushing (CIB) was developed to pack an electro-optical crystal-based OVS, employing lithium niobate, for the voltage class of 13.8 kV and applied to protection and energy quality monitoring. The design and implementation of this CIB, provided with high isolation and the appropriate internal flexibility to meet the dimensional tolerances of the electro-optical sensor, was produced with Polylactic Acid (PLA) by using a 3D printer.

Keywords: Automation and Process Control, Robotics and Mechatronics
Abstract: Neste trabalho é apresentado o controle de posição de um servomecanismo usando a técnica adaptativa auto-sintonizável nas formas direta e indireta. O servomecanismo é constituído de um motor de corrente contínua fixado em uma estrutura metálica e equipado com um sistema de engrenagens acoplado ao seu eixo de saída. Dada uma entrada de referência para a posição angular do servomecanismo, o controlador adotado deve fazer o servomecanismo seguir esta referência com um desempenho adequado. Para avaliação e comparação de desempenho entre os controladores adaptativos auto-sintonizáveis nas formas direta e indireta, foram obtidos resultados simulados com Matlab/Simulink e resultados experimentais usando um servomecanismo da empresa Quanser. Analisando os resultados, pode-se perceber que o controlador adaptativo auto-sintonizável indireto apresenta melhor desempenho que o controlador adaptativo auto-sintonizável direto.

Keywords: Renewable Energy, Power Electronics
Abstract: Um conversor CC-CA tem diversas aplicações na indústria e sua utilização é cada vez mais recorrente quando aplicado a sistemas fotovoltaicos, onde a tensão do arranjo solar é pequena e CC. Normalmente, um conversor boost é utilizado para elevar a tensão dos painéis fotovoltaicos antes de efetuar a conversão. Esse artigo apresenta um inversor quasi-Z-Source (qZSI), que consiste em uma topologia oriunda do tradicional Z-Source (ZSI). O inversor qZSI tem todas as vantagens herdadas do conversor ZSI, como realização de rebaixamento/elevação de tensão e inversão em um único estágio com maior confiabilidade. Além disso, o conversor qZSI apresenta as seguintes características: redução do stress dos componentes e drenagem constante de corrente do painel fotovoltaico. O objetivo deste trabalho é fazer a modelagem do inversor qZSI por espaço de estados e desenvolver um controlador moderno através de um Controle Adaptativo por Modelo de Referência (MRAC). Essa abordagem foi utilizada tendo em vista que o controle clássico não é capaz de garantir robustez e estabilidade diante de algumas variações paramétricas e dinâmicas não modeladas, considerando a planta obtida. Por fim, o artigo traz resultados de simulação utilizando o controlador desenvolvido.

Keywords: Automation and Process Control, Industry Applications
Abstract: This Article has as goal present the stochastic augmentation, applied in a predictive generalized minimum variance control (GMV), the which is based on a linear control (PID). The referred control technique was applied in a process multivariable of bench compound of a helicopter with two degree of freedom, on what was considered the decoupling of variables of state to have a control law decentralized.

Keywords — stochastic augmantation multivariable, gmv-pid, minimum variance, decentralized control multivariable.

Keywords: Industry 4.0, Industry Applications
Abstract: As condições do ambiente de criação de aves de corte são determinantes para o desenvolvimento das mesmas e influenciam diretamente o setor de alimentos, muito importante para a economia do país. O sistema desenvolvido nesse trabalho tem o objetivo de realizar o monitoramento remoto dos parâmetros mais relevantes no ambiente de confinamento dos frangos, como temperatura, umidade e qualidade do ar. O sistema é do tipo embarcado IoT e utiliza a plataforma NodeMCU para processar os dados coletados a cada 30 segundos pelos sensores e enviados via internet para a plataforma de IoT remota. Os dados recebidos são armazenados e podem ser acessados por diferentes serviços web, aplicativo e outros dispositivos. Eles também podem ser utilizados para monitoramento em tempo real, geração de relatórios e definição de ajustes das variáveis monitoradas. O Trabalho foi realizado no período de janeiro a junho de 2018, na Granja dos Santos em Concórdia-SC-Brasil. Utilizando um aplicativo para dispositivos móveis foi realizado o monitoramento das variáveis em tempo real. A análise dos dados, após um ciclo completo de produção, mostrou um aumento gradativo da concentração dos gases nocivos e da umidade e uma queda gradativa dos níveis de temperatura.

Keywords: Automation and Process Control, Smart Grids
Abstract: A medida da umidade do solo é um parâmetro de grande importância na agricultura e seu monitoramento assegura níveis ideais de irrigação, diminuindo a incidência de patógenos nos cultivos, o desperdício de água e o uso de agrotóxicos. Para realizar a medição, este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um sensor de umidade baseado na transferência de calor. Existem diversos sensores que funcionam através da transferência de calor, como os sensores de ponteira simples, Single Probe Heat Pulse (SPHP), e dupla, Dual Probe Heat Pulse (DPHP), porém estes apresentam problemas, como por exemplo, a deflexão das hastes da DPHP, que pode introduzir erro nas medidas. Com o intuito de minimizar os problemas encontrados nestes casos, optou-se por utilizar uma configuração para um sensor de ponteira em botão, Button Probe Heat Pulse (BPHP) e para uma ponteira dupla, Dual Probe Heat Pulse (DPHP) rígida, para raios de 10 mm e 6 mm entre o elemento sensor e o elemento aquecedor, buscando maior precisão e robustez.

Keywords: Robotics and Mechatronics, Automation and Process Control
Abstract: Ball Balancing Robots (BBRs) are a class of robots capable to balance themselves over a sphere. With the right modeling and planning of trajectories, they can move towards every direction in the horizontal plane of movement. This work gathers construction aspects, modeling and design of a stabilizing controller. Modeling a BBR is a complex work, since they are often under-actuated systems and the actuators are not aligned with the coordinates system, making necessary torques and velocities transformations. Practical results are presented in order to validate the modeling and control design.

Keywords: Robotics and Mechatronics, Industry Applications, Automation and Process Control
Abstract: The use of commercial robots in aircraft industry faces many challenges. Among them, this work approaches the problem of maintaining the robotic end-effector perpendicular to the work surface. The perpendicularity error when performing operations such as drilling and riveting affects can affect the overall aircraft drag and cause fatigue cracks. In this work, we present, compare and analyse two different solutions for the correction of the perpendicularity error of a robot. Both solutions are different from existing ones described in the literature. The first solution uses only a point distance laser sensor fixed in robot end effector. The end effector moves in its X and Y axes sequentially to determine the correct robot angle B, C. It then correct distance Z to normalize the pose and adjust the position between the effector and target. Two different point distance lasers were tested. The second solution normalizes the robot pose through a linear scan sensor and a point sensor that allows us to quickly generate the correction angles and Z distance direct without robot movements. The paper verifies if the methods are able to comply with a perpendicularity requirement of 0.5° of maximum error between the manipulator and the normal of the tested table. The results showed that only the second solution is able to achieve the required perpendicularity.

Keywords: Robotics and Mechatronics
Abstract: The RV-M1 robot arm is an industrial manipulator suitable for academic use in teaching and research. For such use, it is required to design open source operation and control systems. A good dynamic model is the starting point for such design. In this context, this paper presents the dynamic model identification using a least squares approach of the wrist parameters of an RV-M1 robot. It addresses key issues on system identification as minimum set of inertial parameters, physical feasibility and optimal excitation trajectories. Estimate parameters values are presented as well as validation trajectories results showing the effectiveness of the procedure used in this work.

Keywords: Robotics and Mechatronics, Cybernetic Systems
Abstract: This work describes the implementation and results related to the numerical error and the temporal analysis of the calibration methodology of an embedded magnetometer. The system tested is part of an attitude determination system for aerospace applications, which uses low-cost tri-axial MEMS magnetometer and an ARM Cortex-M4 as the processing unit. In order to validate and develop an efficient methodology for in run calibration, two different calibration algorithms were evaluated: a Two-Step process and a Minimum Variance Estimator (MVE), both described in the literature. The sensor's model consists of nine parameters to be estimated: bias, scale factor and misalignment angles between axes. A Test Unit was developed to evaluate both the numerical and temporal results of calibration. It uses IEEE 754 floating point standard variables with 32-bit and 64-bit wide in the ARM Cortex-M4. The former can be executed within the processor's Float Point Unit and the later cannot. The numerical data are compared to the one obtained using a Matlab code simulation. Result shows that the Two-Step present numerical instability, specially for 32-bit wide variables, while the Minimum Variance Estimator has a inferior temporal execution but did not present such numerical issues.

Keywords: Industry 4.0
Abstract: The Internet of Things has recently received a lot of attention from researchers who envision it as a solution to fully and digitally automate urban environments and provide a collection of innovative services. One concept that has been envisioned is Sensing-as-a-Service, which uses the Cloud of Things infrastructure. For the CoT to operate and properly provide SaaS, many authors propose computational abstractions and organizational architectures to deploy systems in a scalable manner. However, privacy issues are often overlooked by publications in this field. Furthermore, the Industry 4.0 aims to apply a wide variety of sensors to enable data driven models and processes, which could benefit greatly from a more robust privacy-keeping methodology.

The goal of this paper is to list and compare privacy alternatives for Sensing-as-a-Service deployments. Essentially, it complements a generic and simplified CoT architecture from the literature, which focuses solely on the performance of sensing tasks and inner workings of the network, with alternatives that satisfy the general privacy needs from the system's users.

A set of privacy methods are extracted from the literature and used to exemplify three approaches: privacy on a sensor level, privacy in data aggregation and processing, and privacy through cryptography on the application level. They are compared in regard to advantages, disadvantages and the architectural layers in which they should be implemented. Finally, some guidelines are discussed for validating CoT architectures in future research, while taking privacy into consideration and using the presented schemes.

Keywords: Industry 4.0, Industry Applications, Power Systems
Abstract: Efficient data collection and information processing in a real time basis can enhance performance in the Industry 4.0. This article describes a system that measures the electrical energy consumption of equipments installed in an industrial 4.0 advanced manufacturing line. This information is visualized in real time with digital media using the Industrial Augmented Reality (IAR) technology. Several wireless energy meters sent data to a Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) gateway that are connected to a local automation network via cables and optical fiber. These data are processed on an IAR Server and its information made available on a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) through a Wi-Fi Access Point (AP). Using tablets or smartphones with IAR apps installed, users can access this information by pointing to a Quick Response Code (QR Code) arranged around the modules of the line. It is possible to the user to visualize informations about an equipment, like name, manufacturer, model and technical handbook. The proposed system allows the monitoring of the energy consumption, current and voltage online.